Immunoregulatory effects of IL-4 and IL-13 and alterations of keratinocyte (KC) differentiation are important factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. This study investigated the role of IL-4 and IL-13 in KC responses to changes in extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and analyzed differentiation signals elicited via a Ca2+ sensor, SMOC1. Real-time dynamics of transmembrane Ca2+ influx were assessed in live KCs by flow cytometry and microscopy. Exposure of KCs to a high Ca2+ environment (1.3 mM) triggered a rapid intracellular Ca2+ influx, whereas IL-4- and IL-13-treated cells exhibited a significant decrease in the peak amplitude of Ca2+ influx (P less then 0.01). IL-17A and IL-22 did not elicit such responses. Evaluation of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics by microscopy confirmed these observations and revealed heterogeneity of individual KC responses. IL-4 and IL-13 significantly inhibited the expression of Ca2+-binding protein SMOC1 (P less then 0.001). Inhibition of epidermal differentiation markers were also observed in SMOC1 small interfering RNA-transfected KCs. Concurrently, the deletion of SMOC1 increased the amplitude of Ca2+ peak response (P less then 0.05). In conclusion, our results provide innovative data that IL-4 and IL-13 regulate KC sensitivity to microenvironmental Ca2+ changes and inhibit Ca2+-induced KC differentiation signals. SMOC1 inhibition by IL-4 and IL-13 alters Ca2+ transport in KCs and inhibits differentiation, suggesting a new target for treatment of atopic dermatitis.
  To determine how continuous spike and wave during slow wave sleep (CSWS) is currently managed and to compare the effectiveness of current treatment strategies using a database from 11 pediatric epilepsy centers in the US.
 
  This retrospective study gathered information on baseline clinical characteristics, CSWS etiology, and treatment(s) in consecutive patients seen between 2014 and 2016 at 11 epilepsy referral centers. Treatments were categorized as benzodiazepines, steroids, other antiseizure medications (ASMs), or other therapies. Twomeasures of treatment response (clinical improvement as noted by the treating physician; and electroencephalographyimprovement) were compared across therapies, controlling for baseline variables.
 
  Eighty-one children underwent 153 treatment trials during the study period (68 trials of benzodiazepines, 25 of steroids, 45 of ASMs, 14 of other therapies). Children most frequently received benzodiazepines (62%) or ASMs (27%) as first line therapy. Treatment choice did not diffed outcomes are needed.
  To evaluate whether extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) randomized to erythropoietin have better or worse kidney-related outcomes during hospitalization and at 22-26months of corrected gestational age (cGA) compared with those randomized to placebo.
 
  We performed an ancillary study to a multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of erythropoietin in ELGANs.
 
  The prevalence of severe (stage 2 or 3) acute kidney injury (AKI) was 18.2%. We did not find a statistically significant difference between those randomized to erythropoietin vs placebo for in-hospital primary (severe AKI) or secondary outcomes (any AKI and serum creatinine/cystatin C values at days 0, 7, 9, and 14). At 22-26months of cGA, 16% of the cohort had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <90mL/min/1.73 m
  , 35.8% had urine albumin/creatinine ratio >30mg/g, 23% had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) >95th percentile for age, and 40% had a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >95th percentile for age. SBP >90th percentile occurred less often among recipients of erythropoietin (P<.04). This association remained even after controlling for gestational age, site, and sibship (aOR 0.6; 95% CI 0.39-0.92). We did not find statistically significant differences between treatment groups in eGFR, albumin/creatinine ratio, rates of SBP >95th percentile, or DBP >90th or >95th percentiles at the 2 year follow-up visit.
 
  ELGANs have high rates of in-hospital AKI and kidney-related problems at 22-26months of cGA.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fht-1015.html  Recombinant erythropoietin may protect ELGANs against long-term elevated SBP but does not appear to protect from AKI, low eGFR, albuminuria, or elevated DBP at 22-26months of cGA.
 ELGANs have high rates of in-hospital AKI and kidney-related problems at 22-26 months of cGA. Recombinant erythropoietin may protect ELGANs against long-term elevated SBP but does not appear to protect from AKI, low eGFR, albuminuria, or elevated DBP at 22-26 months of cGA.Whether children should be vaccinated against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) (or other infectious diseases such as influenza) and whether some degree of coercion should be exercised by the state to ensure high uptake depends, among other things, on the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. For COVID-19, these factors are currently unknown for children, with unanswered questions also on children's role in the transmission of the virus, the extent to which the vaccine will decrease transmission, and the expected benefit (if any) to the child. Ultimately, deciding whether to recommend that children receive a novel vaccine for a disease that is not a major threat to them, or to mandate the vaccine, requires precise information on the risks, including disease severity and vaccine safety and effectiveness, a comparative evaluation of the alternatives, and the levels of coercion associated with each. However, the decision also requires balancing self-interest with duty to others, and liberty with usefulness. Separate to ensuring vaccine supply and access, we outline 3 requirements for mandatory vaccination from an ethical perspective (1) whether the disease is a grave threat to the health of children and to public health, (2) positive comparative expected usefulness of mandatory vaccination, and (3) proportionate coercion. We also suggest that the case for mandatory vaccine in children may be strong in the case of influenza vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic.We conducted a multicenter clinical validity study of the Panbio coronavirus disease 2019 Antigen Rapid Test of nasopharyngeal samples in pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019-compatible symptoms of ≤5 days of evolution. Our study showed limited accuracy in nasopharyngeal antigen testing overall sensitivity was 45.4%, and 99.8% of specificity, positive-predictive value was 92.5%.