The model consists of both a prediction layer and a prediction error layer, following the predictive coding framework for biologically plausible relationships between the change detection process and the perceptual alternation mechanism. Computer simulations showed that the mean duration of perception decreased as the response increased, which is in concordance with the experimental data. This result suggested that the excitatory feedforward and inhibitory feedback connections play an important role. Additionally, the validity of this model suggests that the visual mismatch signal propagates in the neural systems and affects the visual perceptual mechanism as a prediction error signal. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.Working memory (WM) refers to a memory system with limited energy for short-term maintenance and plays an important role in cognitive functions. At present, research regarding WM mostly focuses on the coordination between neural signals in the signal microelectrode channel.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/h-cys-trt-oh.html  However, how neural signals coordinate the coding of WM at the network level is rarely studied. Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) reflects the coordinated effect between different frequency components (e.g., theta and gamma) of local field potentials (LFPs) during WM. In this study, we try to map the changes that occur in the brain networks during WM at the level of CFC between theta-gamma of LFPs. First, a 16-channel brain network by using the CFC between theta-gamma of LFPs during WM was constructed. Then, the dynamic properties of the brain network during WM were analyzed based on graph theory. Experimental results show that the LFPs power increased at the WM state than at resting stat, but decreased across learning; the CFC between theta-gamma increased with learning days and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) in the WM state was higher than that in free choice state and rest state; the changes of average degree, average shortest path length and global efficiency had significant difference on learning days. We can indicate that the CFC between theta-gamma in the network plays an important role in the WM formation. Furthermore, correct storage of WM information will not change local information transmission and the small-world attribute, while, it can increase the network connection and efficiency of information transmission. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.How to better suppress the interference from the non-target language when switching from one language to the other in bilingual production? The current study applied transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to modulate language control measured by cross-frequency coupling. We found that switching to L2 was more modulated by F4-F3 alpha-beta phase-amplitude compared to switching to L1 after receiving the anodal stimulation at the language task schema phase. These findings suggest that anodal stimulation affects the selection of the target language task schema by enhancing the activation of frontal areas and facilitating the coordination between the left and the right frontal hemispheres. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings-oscillations between manic and depressive states. The swings (oscillations) mark the length of an episode in a patient's mood cycle (period), and can vary from hours to years. The proposed modeling study uses decision making framework to investigate the role of basal ganglia network in generating bipolar oscillations. In this model, the basal ganglia system performs a two-arm bandit task in which one of the arms (action responses) leads to a positive outcome, while the other leads to a negative outcome. We explore the dynamics of key reward and risk related parameters in the system while the model agent receives various outcomes. Particularly, we study the system using a model that represents the fast dynamics of decision making, and a module to capture the slow dynamics that describe the variation of some meta-parameters of fast dynamics over long time scales. The model is cast at three levels of abstraction (1) a two-dimensional dynamical system model, that iically in terms of reward and risk sensitivity, is shown to be responsible for the pathological bipolar oscillations. The study proposes a computational model that explores the effects of impaired serotonergic neuromodulation on the dynamics of the cortico basal ganglia network, and relates this impairment to abstract mood states (manic and depressive episodes) and oscillations of bipolar disorder. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.Humans use binocular disparity to extract depth information from two-dimensional retinal images in a process called stereopsis. Previous studies usually introduce the standard univariate analysis to describe the correlation between disparity level and brain activity within a given brain region based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Recently, multivariate pattern analysis has been developed to extract activity patterns across multiple voxels for deciphering categories of binocular disparity. However, the functional connectivity (FC) of patterns based on regions of interest or voxels and their mapping onto disparity category perception remain unknown. The present study extracted functional connectivity patterns for three disparity conditions (crossed disparity, uncrossed disparity, and zero disparity) at distinct spatial scales to decode the binocular disparity. Results of 27 subjects' fMRI data demonstrate that FC features are more discriminatory than traditional voxel activity features in binocular disparity classification. The average binary classification of the whole brain and visual areas are respectively 87% and 79% at single subject level, and thus above the chance level (50%). Our research highlights the importance of exploring functional connectivity patterns to achieve a novel understanding of 3D image processing. © Springer Nature B.V. 2019.Understanding the neural mechanisms associated with time to contact (TTC) estimation is an intriguing but challenging task. Despite the importance of TTC estimation in our everyday life, few studies have been conducted on it, and there are still a lot of unanswered questions and unknown aspects of this issue. In this study, we intended to address one of these unknown aspects. We used independent component analysis to systematically assess EEG substrates associated with TTC estimation using two experiments (1) transversal motion experiment (when a moving object passes transversally in the frontoparallel plane from side to side in front of the observer), and (2) head-on motion experiment (when the observer is on the motion path of the moving object). We also studied the energy of all EEG sources in these two experiments. The results showed that brain regions involved in the transversal and head-on motion experiments were the same. However, the energy used by some brain regions in the head-on motion experiment, including some regions in left parietotemporal and left frontal lobes, was significantly higher than the energy used by those regions in the transversal motion experiment.