53%) had severe malnutrition. The most common cause of cirrhosis was alcohol. The mean body mass index and mean waist circumference were within normal limits. CONCLUSIONS Malnutrition is very common among cirrhotic patients and its prevalence increased from Child A to Child C status.INTRODUCTION The deficiency of vitamin D is major public health problem worldwide. It is deficiency of vitamin D level when blood serum which is below 30ng/ml. The deficiency is associated with various musculoskeletal diseases and autoimmune diseases. The early detection of deficiency plays important role to prevent those diseases. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital, from 1st August 2017 to 31st December 2018 after ethical clearance from institutional review committee with registration number 02082017. Simple random sampling was done. Data was collected and entered in statistical package for social sciences. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS Out of total patients, vitamin D deficiency was found among 283 (73.6%) patients at 95% of CI (68.6-78.6). Out of total female patients, 202 (52.61%) were deficient and out of total male patients, 81 (21.08%) were deficient.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dbet6.html  The mean age±SD of patients was 41.45±16.016 years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was high compared to previous studies. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be higher in females than males.INTRODUCTION Lip prints, due to their unique patterns are typical to an individual, hence, used for personal identification. They vary in predominance, gender and race among different populations. The objective is to study their distribution among medical students and identify the predominant type. METHODS The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical students of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, from April 2019 to May 2019 after the ethical approval. Convenience sampling was used. The prints were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. The collected data was entered in SPSS to determine the frequency and percentage. Sub group analysis was done on basis of gender and types of lip print. RESULTS Out of 205 participants, prevalence of type I lip print among medical students is 70 (34.1%). Type I lip print was found to be most common followed by Type II in 57 (27.8%) and Type V in 6 (2.9%). One hundred forty one (68.8%) were male and 64 (31.2%) were female. The predominating pattern in RUQ; LUQ; LLQ; RLQ among male and female is Type I 46 (32.6%) and Type I 39 (27.7%); Type II 39 (27.7%) and Type II 44 (31.2%); Type I 19 (29.7%) and Type II 19 (29.7%); Type I 31 (48.4%)and Type I 27 (42.2%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Type I was the most common while Type V was the least common lip print. However, there was variation in its frequency and distribution according to the quadrant and sex.INTRODUCTION Facial index is useful for anatomists, forensic scientists and plastic surgeons during treatment of congenital and traumatic deformities, identification of individuals in medico-legal cases and identifying craniofacial deformities and they help us in distinguishing one person from another. Very few researchers from Nepal have worked on these facial features with respect to population and environment. The study aims to find the prevalence of leptoprosopic type of face among dental students of Kantipur Dental College, Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 173 dental students of age group 17-25 years in the Department of Anatomy, Kantipur Dental College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Basundhara, Kathmandu from September to December 2018. Ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Review Committee of the institution and convenience sampling was done. The facial parameters include facial height, facial width which was measured using Digital Vernier Caliper and Sliding Caliper respectively. The face was classified into three different types based on the value of facial index, according to Bannister Classification. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20. RESULTS Prevalence of leptoprosopic type of face was 70 (40.46%) [40.39-40.53 at 95%CI]. Among these, 37 (21.39%) were males and 33 (19.07%) were females. Leptoprosopic was most common which was followed by hyperleptoprosopic in 64 (36.99%), mesoprosopic in 26 (15.03%), euryprosopic in 12 (6.94%) and hypereuryprosopic facial types in 1 (0.58%). All three facial parameters including facial height, facial width and facial index were greater in male than in female. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that the leptoprosopic face was most common followed by hyperleptoprosopic, mesoprosopic, europrosopic and hypereuroprosopic type of face.BACKGROUND This study was performed to investigate the effect of local injection of asperosaponin VI (ASA VI) on the orthodontic tooth movement in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 64 healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and divided into 2 groups randomly the ASA VI group and the control group. For the ASA VI group, 10 mg/kg ASA VI solution was injected into buccal submucoperiosteal of bilaterally first maxillary molars, and the same volume of normal saline was given to the control group. The orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary first molars. All rats were sacrificed on days 3, 7, or 14. Tooth movement effects on the periodontium were analyzed through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunohistochemistry analysis. Tooth movement measurements and alveolar bone volumetric changes were analyzed using a micro-computed tomography (CT) scan. Molecular changes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. RESULTS The ASA VI group presented with a significant increase of tooth movement, osteoclast number, and the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) compared with the control group. ASA VI also induced a significant decrease in bone volume and density and an increase in trabecular spacing and RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) expression at the compression side. Furthermore, ASA VI stimulated bone formation on the tension side by enhancing OCN (osteocalcin) expression and RUNX2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) expression, increasing bone volume and density and decreasing in trabecular spacing. CONCLUSIONS Injection of ASA VI may accelerate tooth movement via increasing the activity of osteoclasts, stimulating bone resorption at the compression side. Furthermore, ASA VI has a positive effect on bone formation at the tension side.