To assess the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on the outcome in term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
 
  A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India. Term infants with moderate to severe HIE were randomized to be treated with normothermia or hypothermia. Mortality, neurological abnormality or normal outcome was recorded at hospital discharge or 28 days of age, whichever was earlier, and at 18 months of age.
 
  The baseline maternal and neonatal characteristics in the two groups were similar. The 78 infants in the hypothermia group had more normal survivors at discharge (38%) than the 84 infants in the normothermia group (30%), ratio 1.29 (95% confidence interval 0.84-1.99), and at 18 months of age (65% vs. 42%), ratio 1.54 (1.13-2.10). When these results were combined with those of a previous randomized trial in the same neonatal unit, there were significantly more normal survivors with hypothermia compared to normothermia at discharge, ratio 1.49 (1.18-1.88) and at 6-18 months of age, ratio 1.37 (1.17-1.60).
 
  In term infants with HIE, therapeutic hypothermia reduced mortality and neurological abnormalities, and resulted in more normal survivors.
 
  Babies who do not breathe immediately after they are born are likely to die or have brain damage. Previous studies have suggested that cooling these babies after birth might reduce the number who die or have brain damage. In this resource-limited setting, babies who were cooled were less likely to die or survive with brain damage.
 Babies who do not breathe immediately after they are born are likely to die or have brain damage. Previous studies have suggested that cooling these babies after birth might reduce the number who die or have brain damage. In this resource-limited setting, babies who were cooled were less likely to die or survive with brain damage.
  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors of childhood, but little is understood about the factors that influence their development. Pediatric low-grade gliomas (LGGs) in particular display unique temporal and spatial localization associated with different genetic mutations (e.g., BRAF genomic alterations or mutations in the Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene) for reasons that remain unclear. NF1-LGGs typically arise in the optic pathway of young children (optic pathway gliomas; OPGs), likely from a cell of origin that resides within the third ventricular zone (TVZ). However, the factors that contribute to their distinct temporal patterning and penetrance have not been adequately explored.
 
  TVZ neuroglial progenitor cells (NPCs) were analyzed over the course of mouse brain development. FACS-isolated progenitors were assessed for functional and molecular differences. The impact of different germline Nf1 mutations on TVZ NPC properties was analyzed using genetically engineered mice.
 
  We identify three individual factors that could each contribute to Nf1 optic glioma temporal patterning and penetrance. First, there are three functionally and molecularly distinct populations of mouse TVZ NPCs, one of which ("M" cells) exhibits the highest clonogenic incidence, proliferation and abundance during embryogenesis. Second, TVZ NPC proliferation dramatically decreases after birth. Third, germline Nf1 mutations differentially increase TVZ NPC proliferation during embryogenesis.
 
  The unique temporal patterning and penetrance of Nf1 optic glioma reflects the combined effects of TVZ NPC population composition, time-dependent changes in progenitor proliferation, and the differential impact of the germline Nf1 mutation on TVZ NPC expansion.
 The unique temporal patterning and penetrance of Nf1 optic glioma reflects the combined effects of TVZ NPC population composition, time-dependent changes in progenitor proliferation, and the differential impact of the germline Nf1 mutation on TVZ NPC expansion.Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have diverse roles in the transport of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells, and they serve as mediators of intercellular communication. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are present in EVs, including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been found to participate in complex networks of interactions and regulate a wide variety of genes in animals. Milk is an important source of nutrition for humans and other mammals. Evidence suggests that milk-derived EVs contain abundant ncRNAs, which are stable and can be transported to the offspring and other consumers. Current data suggest a strong link between milk EV ncRNAs and many biological processes, and these ncRNAs have been drawing increasing attention and might play an epigenetic regulatory role in recipients, though further research is still necessary to understand their precise roles. The present review introduces basic information about milk EV ncRNAs, summarizes their expression profiles, biological characteristics, and functions based on current knowledge, and discusses their biological roles, indeterminate issues, and perspectives. Our goal is to provide a deeper understanding of the physiological effects of milk EV ncRNAs on offspring and to provide a reference for future research in this field.Winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. (Lepidoptera Geometridae), causes widespread defoliation in both its native and introduced distributions. Invasive populations of winter moth are currently established in the United States and Canada, and pheromone-baited traps have been widely used to track its spread. Unfortunately, a native species, the Bruce spanworm, O. bruceata (Hulst), and O.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly3537982.html  bruceata × brumata hybrids respond to the same pheromone, complicating efforts to detect novel winter moth populations. Previously, differences in measurements of a part of the male genitalia called the uncus have been utilized to differentiate the species; however, the accuracy of these measurements has not been quantified using independent data. To establish morphological cutoffs and estimate the accuracy of uncus-based identifications, we compared morphological measurements and molecular identifications based on microsatellite genotyping. We find that there are significant differences in some uncus measurements, and that in general, uncus measurements have low type I error rates (i.