Conclusions It is proved that a nanosecond pulse laser could be used for LSCI.The role of physician assistant/associate (PA) has expanded from its inception in the United States over 50 years ago, to European countries including Ireland. While there is an increasing body of evidence exploring the role and training of PAs in clinical settings, there is a scarcity of research exploring PA students' perspectives in relation to their experience of anatomy dissection, or how these experiences may contribute to the development of their core professional identity.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk3787.html  Students in the first two cohorts of PA Program at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland program were invited to interviews which solicited them to reflect and report on their own experiences of anatomical dissection during their course. Participants' responses were analyzed using a thematic inductive approach; common themes and patterns were organized into a hierarchical structure, which generated the final framework of themes. Ten participants took part in the study; only one had previous personal experience of dissection, while two further participants had some familiarity with prosected specimens. The first theme concerned the participants' expectation of anatomical dissection, with sub-themes of preconceptions, smell, and emotions. The second theme involves discussion of coping strategies that the participants used, including talking, viewing the cadaver as their first patient, and naming (or not naming) the cadaver. The third theme includes how the participants' talked about respect and compassion in the dissection room, development of team working skills, and awareness of bereavement and organ donation. A number of recommendations were also made for the experience and orientation of future students in such a program.Objective The objective of this meta-analysis of observational studies was to evaluate the association between simple renal cysts (SRC) and presence of aortic pathology such as aortic aneurysms and dissection. Methods We conducted searches in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1960 to August 2019 to identify observational studies that examined the association between SRCs and any aortic diseases, including aortic aneurysms and dissection. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. The meta-analysis was performed by STATA 14.1. Results In total, 11 observational studies with 19 719 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Compared to individuals without SRCs, patients with SRCs had higher odds of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (adjusted OR = 2.61, 95% CI 2.34-2.91, P less then 0.001, I2 = 0%), ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) (adjusted OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.09-3.63, P = 0.03, I2 = 90.1%), descending TAA (adjusted OR = 3.44, 95% CI, 2.67-4.43, P less then 0.001, I2 = 0%), type A aortic dissection (AD) (adjusted OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.32-2.96, P = 0.001, I2 = 12.9%), and type B AD (adjusted OR = 2.55, 95% CI, 1.31-4.96, P = 0.006, I2 = 76.2%). There was a higher average in the sum of diameter of SRCs among AAA compared to patients without AAA (WMD = 19.80 mm, 95% CI 13.92-25.67, P less then 0.001, I2 = 63.8%). Conclusion SRC is associated with higher odds of aortic diseases including AAA, ascending and descending TAA, type A and type B dissection even after adjusting for confounders.Planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs), incorporating n-type SnO- 2 , have attracted significant interest because of their excellent photovoltaic performance. However, the film fabrication of SnO 2 is limited by self-aggregation and inhomogeneous growth of the intermediate phase, which produces poor morphology and properties. Herein, a self-controlled SnO 2 layer is successfully fabricated on a direct fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) surface via simple and rapid chemical bath deposition. The PSCs, based on this hydrolyzed SnO 2 layer, exhibited an excellent power-conversion efficiency of 20.21% with negligible hysteresis. Analysis of the EIS on the charge transport dynamics indicated that the bias voltage influence both interfacial charge transportation and the ionic double layer under illumination. The hydrolyzed SnO 2 -based PSCs demonstrated a faster ionic charge response time of 2.5 ms in comparison with the 100.5 ms for the hydrolyzed TiO 2 -based hysteric PSCs. The results of quasi-steady-state carrier transportation indicate that a dynamic hysteresis in the J-V curves can be explained by complex ionic-electronic kinetics owing to the slow ionic charge redistribution and hole accumulation caused by electrode polarization, which causes an increase in charge recombination. This study reveals that SnO 2 -based PSCs leads to a stabilized dark depolarization process compared with TiO 2 -based PSCs that are relevant to charge transport dynamics in the high performing planar SnO 2 -based PSCs.Objectives The aim of this study is to compare efficacy, toxicity and cost between oral and intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC) pulse therapy in inducing remission (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI] less then 3) in severe SLE. Methods We retrospectively checked the hospital records of patients between the years 2000 and 2018, who had been administered oral cyclophosphamide pulse and intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide pulse. SLEDAI at baseline and after 6 months of therapy were noted. The statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U test. The cost was also calculated. Results We included 45 patients in this study, 21 in the oral pulse group and 24 in the IV group. The median age of patients in the oral and IV groups were 29 (interquartile range [IQR] 22-37) and 26 (IQR 19.25-0.75) years respectively. Median SLEDAI at baseline was comparable between the 2 groups (oral 18.0 [IQR 15.0-26.0]; IV 14.5 [IQR 11.0-20.0] P = .151). At the end of 6 months of treatment, it was 0.0 (IQR 0.0-4.0) in the oral group, as against 2.0 (IQR 0.0-5.5) in IV group (P = .676). There was no major adverse event in either group. Oral cyclophosphamide pulse therapy was more economical as compared to IV cyclophosphamide [630 Indian National rupees( INR)/ 8.85 US dollars(USD) in the IV arm and 50 INR/0.7 USD in the oral arm] (P less then .001). Conclusion This study concludes that oral cyclophosphamide pulse therapy is an economical option and there was no difference in efficacy and safety between oral cyclophosphamide pulse therapy and IV pulse cyclophosphamide therapy.