Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are subject to artificial elevation in the presence of structural abnormalities that are more common with age and injury, including osteoarthritis, fracture and osteophytes. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of vertebral abnormalities on DXA scans in retired rugby players and a nonrugby control group, and to explore the effect of vertebral exclusion on the BMD diagnostic outcome. Eigty-seven male retired rugby players and 51 non-rugby controls from the UK Rugby Health Project participated in the study. Lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck BMD were measured by DXA and scans were analyzed pre and post exclusion of anomalous vertebrae. Data were analyzed by age group to enable application of T-scores (≥50 y) and Z-scores ( less then 50 y). From 138 lumbar spine scans, 66 required adjustment. One hundred twenty-two vertebral exclusions were made, and 12 lumbar spine scans (10 in retired rugby athletes) were un-reportable ( less then 2 evaluable vertebrae). Vertebral exclusion significantly lowered lumbar spine BMD across all groups (p less then 0.01) and lowered the overall lowest T/Z-score. This effect was more pronounced in rugby groups (age less then 50 y, p less then 0.001; age ≥50 y, p = 0.031) than in the control groups (age less then 50y, p = 0.125; age ≥50 y, p = 0.250). Vertebral abnormalities detected on lumbar spine scans, were highly prevalent and impacted final the T/Z-score in this cohort of retired rugby players. Current guidelines recommend exclusion of abnormalities from lumbar spine scans in adults aged ≥50 years. Our findings suggest that vertebral exclusions should also be applied to lumbar spine scans performed in those aged less then 50 years, particularly in former contact sports athletes, given their high risk for vertebral deformity.Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a skeletal disorder characterised by a predisposition to recurrent fractures and bone deformities. Clinically OI is defined by features such as short stature, however, less is known regarding body composition. Assess body composition, both lean mass and fat mass, in a paediatric OI population. Children with OI attending the Bone service at the Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow were included; who had a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan performed 2015-2018. Height and body-mass-index (BMI) were converted to standard-deviation scores (SDS) using UK population references. DXA-derived lean mass and fat mass were used to generate lean-mass-index (LMI) and fat-mass-index (FMI) by dividing the covariates by height squared. LMI and FMI were converted to age-and-gender-adjusted SDS using DXA data from 198 local healthy children. Thirty-eight children (20 males) with median age 11.95 (range 4.8, 18.3) years were included. Median height SDS was -1.08 (-3.64, 1.62) and was significantly lower than the healthy population (p2 with a positive predictive value of 44% and a negative predictive value of 100%. A contemporary population of children with ranging severities of OI present with significant reduction in height and lean mass, and relatively high fat mass.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Sunitinib-Malate-(Sutent).html  Standard BMI SDS cut-offs for identifying children with malnutrition and obesity have poor prognostic validity in OI.
  The profession of pharmacy has long advocated for the advancement of practice through increased clinical responsibility. Provision of immunization related services has been one service pharmacists have been able to provide to add to their existing responsibilities. A universal influenza vaccination has been under investigation and is nearing success. While other clinical services should be considered, now more than ever, development of the universal vaccine should provide a pause for the profession and consideration of not only the impact on student learning opportunities but also pharmacy revenue.
 
  The development of the universal influenza vaccination poses a potential challenge to existing service-related revenue models for community pharmacies. There are many other opportunities pharmacists can capitalize on including, but not limited to, travel and other vaccinations, point-of-care testing, and transitions-of-care. In addition, through initiatives such as "Flip the Pharmacy" and Community Pharmacy Enhanced Service Network, pharmacists are in a great position to be innovative with clinical services while continuing to provide learners with training opportunities.
 
  Many opportunities exist for pharmacists to expand services that lean into their clinical training and add other vaccination opportunities. These opportunities can augment revenue streams and still provide learners with training.
 Many opportunities exist for pharmacists to expand services that lean into their clinical training and add other vaccination opportunities. These opportunities can augment revenue streams and still provide learners with training.
  According to the 2020 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report on diabetes in the United States, an estimated 88 million Americans have prediabetes. A study found that those who were aware that they had prediabetes were more likely to engage in diabetes risk-reducing behaviors. There is no current literature supporting methods to promote a lifestyle change program (LCP), which were proven effective at lowering the risk of prediabetes. We theorized that the results of this study may be used to justify the screening intervention to promote this LCP.
 
  The objective of this study was to describe the impact of a prediabetes risk-screening intervention on (1) increasing awareness of participants' risk of prediabetes and (2) enrollment in the LCP.
 
  The screening intervention consisted of informed consent, preintervention survey, intervention, and postintervention survey. The intervention included the CDC Prediabetes Screening Test, body mass index calculation, and brief risk counseling. Participanetes screening intervention successfully increased awareness of risk of prediabetes, both quantitatively and according to participant report. The intervention led to equivalent enrollment in the LCP as the previous pilot year.