Ongoing discussions on perceptual averaging have the implicit assumption that individual representations are reduced into a single prototypical representation. However, some evidence suggests that the mean representation may be more complex. For example, studies that use a single item probe to estimate mean size often show biased estimations. To this end, we investigate whether the mean representation of size is reduced to a single mean or includes other properties of the set. Participants estimate the mean size of multiple circles in the display set by adjusting the mean size of the circles in the probe set that followed. Across 3 experiments, we vary the similarity of set-size, variance, and skewness between the display and probe sets and examine how property congruence affects mean estimation. Altogether, we find that keeping properties consistent between the 2 compared sets improves mean estimation accuracy. These results suggest that mean representation is not simply encoded as a single mean but includes properties such as numerosity, variance, and the shape of a distribution. Such multiplex nature of summary representation could be accounted for by a population summary that captures the distributional properties of a set rather than a single summary statistic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).This article examines the effects of objective health, subjective health, loneliness, and life satisfaction as antecedents on individuals' future time perspective (FTP). Drawing on socioemotional selectivity theory and reflecting the mechanisms of resource-based models such as conservation of resources theory and selection, optimization, and compensation, we hypothesize that both the levels and changes across time of objective and subjective health, loneliness, and life satisfaction are associated with FTP. The results of this study, comprising 1,788 participants of the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) and including data from 6 survey waves between 2012 and 2017, provide support for the idea that between-person differences in subjective health, loneliness, and life satisfaction at a fixed point in time as well as within-person changes across time in subjective health and life satisfaction affect future time perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Older adults often report less exposure to and less affective reactions to daily stressors. However, older adults with a chronic illness such as Type 1 diabetes may experience more daily stressors due to the complications of diabetes and may be more affected by those stressors. The study examined (a) age differences in reported exposure to general and diabetes stressors, (b) whether daily general and diabetes stressors relate to daily positive and negative affect, self-care, and blood glucose, and (c) whether these daily associations are moderated by age and comorbidity. Individuals with Type 1 diabetes (n = 199; 52.3% female, average age 46.81 years) completed a checklist for 14 days reporting general and diabetes stressors. General diabetes distress was assessed with the Diabetes Distress Scale. Daily positive and negative affect and daily self-care behaviors were rated each day. Blood glucose was assessed via glucometers. Older adults reported fewer daily general and diabetes stressors and less diabetes distress compared to younger adults. Multilevel models indicated that both daily general and diabetes stressors (between- and within-person) were associated with lower positive and higher negative affect. Fewer diabetes stressors were associated with better self-care and lower (better) mean blood glucose. Neither age nor comorbidity interacted with general or diabetes stressors to predict any outcome (except one effect for comorbidity), indicating that older adults and those experiencing more comorbid conditions were similarly affected by stressors. Results suggest that older adults experience fewer stressors than younger adults but are similarly affected when stressors do occur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Risk taking is typically viewed through a lens of individual deficits (e.g., impulsivity) or normative influence (e.g., peer pressure). An unexplored possibility is that shared group membership, and the trust that flows from it, may play a role in reducing risk perceptions and promoting risky behavior. We propose and test a Social Identity Model of Risk Taking in eight studies (total N = 4,708) that use multiple methods including minimal group paradigms, correlational, longitudinal, and experimental designs to investigate the effect of shared social identity across diverse risk contexts. Studies 1 and 2 provided evidence for the basic premise of the model, showing that ingroup members were perceived as posing lower risk and inspired greater risk taking behavior than outgroup members. Study 3 found that social identification was a moderator, such that effect of shared group membership was strongest among high identifiers. Studies 4 and 5 among festival attendees showed correlational and longitudinal evidence for the model and further that risk-taking was mediated by trust, not disgust. Study 6 manipulated the mediator and found that untrustworthy faces were trusted more and perceived as less risky when they were ingroup compared with outgroup members. Studies 7 and 8 identified integrity as the subcomponent of trust that consistently promotes greater risk taking in the presence of ingroup members. The findings reveal that a potent source of risk discounting is the group memberships we share with others. Ironically, this means the people we trust the most may sometimes pose the greatest risk.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-5461.html  (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).People actively select their environments, and the environments they select can alter their psychological characteristics in the moment and over time. Such dynamic person-environment transactions are likely to play out in the context of daily life via the places people spend time in (e.g., home, work, or public places like cafes and restaurants). This article investigates personality-place transactions at 3 conceptual levels stable personality traits, momentary personality states, and short-term personality trait expressions. Three 2-week experience sampling studies (2 exploratory and 1 confirmatory with a total N = 2,350 and more than 63,000 momentary assessments) were used to provide the first large-scale evidence showing that people's stable Big Five traits are associated with the frequency with which they visit different places on a daily basis. For example, extraverted people reported spending less time at home and more time at cafés, bars, and friends' houses. The findings also show that spending time in a particular place predicts people's momentary personality states and their short-term trait expression over time.