https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hc-258.html This study focuses on development of equilibrium strategy based on simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for balancing economic and environmental concerns in waste load allocation (WLA) problem. To resolve conflicts among various stakeholders, including Iran Department of Environment (DoE) as governmental authority and industrial and municipal dischargers, Stackelberg and Nash bargaining games have been applied in this WLA problem and the results have been compared. SA algorithm has been coupled to QUAL2Kw model to derive optimal WLA program and the environmental penalty tariff (EPT) in Nash bargaining and Stackelberg games. The proposed tools and methodologies were illustrated in a case study of multi-stakeholders WLA problem in Gheshlagh River, Sanandaj, Kordestan, Iran. The results indicate that lower BOD removal rates are allocated to the pollutant dischargers in the Stackelberg game compared to the Nash bargaining game. Furthermore, the EPT assigned by Iran DoE in Stackelberg and Nash bargaining games are 11.25 and 3.6 Rials/(gr/month), respectively. The estimated EPT in the Stackelberg game is close to the current tariff (10 Rials/(gr/month)) specified by Iran DoE on impermissible BOD discharges. The term failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) has been criticized for being too unspecific and several studies have shown that a variety of conditions may underlie this label. The aims of the present study were to describe the specific symptoms and to investigate the primary and secondary underlying causes of FBSS in a contemporary series of patients who had lumbar spinal surgery before. We used a multilevel approach along three different axes defining symptomatic, morphological, and functional pathology dimensions. Within the study period of 3years, a total of 145 patients (74 f, 71 m, mean age 51a, range 32-82a) with the external diagnosis of FBSS were included. Disk surgery up to 4 times and surgery for spinal stenosis u