https://www.selleckchem.com/products/kenpaullone.html Blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is one of the most effective ways of reducing blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension and improving cardiovascular prognosis in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Blockade of the biological effects of aldosterone has mostly been achieved with spironolactone and eplerenone, the two steroidal MR antagonists currently on the market. Development of new non-steroidal dihydropyridine-based third- and fourth-generation MR antagonists is ongoing. These antagonists are highly selective for the MR, but have no effect on the glucocorticoid, androgen, progesterone and estrogen receptors, in contrast with spironolactone.Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" reaction. The physiological responses to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla are mediated through the action of the endogenous catecholamines norepinephrine (or noradrenaline) and epinephrine (or adrenaline) on adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Adrenoceptors are divided into alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and beta3 receptors. Norepinephrine stimulates both subtypes of α receptors and β1 receptors. Epinephrine stimulates all subtypes ofα and β adrenoreceptors. α1 adrenergic receptors, coupled to stimulatory Gq proteins, activate the enzyme phospholipase C and are mainly found in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and urinary tract, where they induce constriction. α2 receptors are coupled to inhibitory Gi proteins, that inactivate adenylyl cyclase, decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) production. They are mainly found in the central nervous system, where their activation results in a decreased arterial blood pressure. β1 adrenoreceptors predominate in the he