© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.CONTEXT Many female survivors of adolescent and young adult cancers (AYA survivors) have shortened reproductive lifespans. However, the timing and duration of ovarian function after cancer treatment are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To model the trajectory of ovarian function over two decades following cancer treatment and evaluate how trajectories vary by treatment gonadotoxicity and age.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/resatorvid.html  DESIGN In a prospective cohort, AYA survivors ages 18-39 at variable times since cancer treatment completion provided dried blood spots (DBS) every 6 months for up to 18 months. AMH levels were measured using the Ansh DBS AMH ELISA assay. The mean AMH trajectory was modeled for the entire cohort and separately by treatment gonadotoxicity and age using functional principal components analysis. RESULTS 763 participants, mean (SD) enrollment age 33.3 (4.7) and age at cancer diagnosis 25.9 (5.7) years, contributed 1905 DBS samples. The most common cancers were breast (26.9%), lymphoma (24.8%) and thyroid (18.0%). AMH trajectories differed among survivors by treatment gonadotoxicity (low, moderate or high) (p less then 0.001). Following low or moderately gonadotoxic treatments, AMH levels increased over 2-3 years and plateaued over 10-15 years before declining. In contrast, following highly gonadotoxic treatment, AMH levels were lower overall and declined shortly after peak at 2-3 years. Younger age at treatment was associated with higher trajectories, but a protective effect of younger age was not observed with in survivors exposed to highly gonadotoxic treatments (pinteraction less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this large AYA survivor cohort, timing and duration of ovarian function strongly depended on treatment gonadotoxicity and age at treatment. The findings provide novel, more precise information to guide reproductive decision-making. © Endocrine Society 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Many insects exhibit a short-day diapause response, whereby diapause is induced when daylength falls below a critical threshold. This response is an adaptation to ensure synchrony between periods of insect activity, and the availability of resources, but it can cause problems when organisms are moved to new locations, where early or late-induced diapause can prove a barrier to establishment. We explored the role of photoperiod in diapause induction in Hypena opulenta, a recently introduced classical biological control agent for invasive swallow-worts in North America. We conducted four experimental cage releases as well as a growth chamber experiment to determine the threshold photoperiod for diapause induction in H. opulenta. We determined that the critical photoperiod for inducing diapause in 50% of H. opulenta is 15 h 35 min, which the moth only experiences in the Ottawa release site around summer solstice. This may lead to univoltinism, premature diapause, and poor establishment at some North American release sites. Our results can inform practical aspects of the biological control program for H. opulenta, such as fine-tuning methodologies for stockpiling diapausing pupae in the laboratory and narrowing down the optimal time window for releases at a given location. Additionally, our results will be important for the development of a temperature-based phenology model to more accurately predict voltinism in H. opulenta across the invasive range of swallow-worts in North America. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, such as for viral illness, remains common in primary care. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of community-prescribed antibiotics to children aged less than five years attributable to common respiratory viruses. METHODS We fitted time series negative binomial models to predict weekly antibiotic prescribing rates from positive viral pathogen tests for the period April 1st, 2009 through December 27th, 2017 using comprehensive, population-based administrative data for all children ( less then 5 years) living in Scotland. Multiple respiratory viral pathogens were considered, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus, and human parainfluenza (HPIV) types 1-4. We estimated the proportion of antibiotic prescriptions explained by virus circulation according to type of virus, by age group, presence of high-risk chronic conditions, and antibiotic class. RESULTS We included data on 6,066,492 antibiotic prescriptions among 452,877 children. The antibiotic prescribing rate among all Scottish children ( less then 5 years) was 609.7 per 1000 child-years. Our final model included RSV, influenza, HMPV, HPIV-1 and HPIV-3. An estimated 6.9% (95% CI 5.6, 8.3), 2.4% (1.7, 3.1), and 2.3% (0.8, 3.9) of antibiotics were attributable to RSV, influenza and HMPV, respectively. RSV was consistently associated with the highest proportion of prescribed antibiotics, particularly among children without chronic conditions and for amoxicillin and macrolide prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 14% of antibiotics prescribed to children in this study were estimated to be attributable to common viruses for which antibiotics are not recommended. A future RSV vaccine could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing among children. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Demonstration of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against hospitalization for severe illness in addition to milder outpatient illness may strengthen vaccination messaging and improve suboptimal uptake in the U.S. Our objective was to compare patient characteristics and VE between U.S. inpatient and outpatient VE networks. METHODS We tested adults ≥18-years with acute respiratory illness (ARI) for influenza within two VE networks, one outpatient- and the other hospital-based, from 2015-2018. We compared age, sex, and chronic high-risk conditions between populations. The test-negative design was used to compare vaccination odds in influenza-positive cases versus influenza-negative controls. We estimated VE using logistic regression adjusting for site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, peak influenza activity, time-to-testing from symptom-onset, season (overall VE) and underlying conditions. VE differences (ΔVE) were assessed with 95% confidence intervals (CI) determined through bootstrapping with significance defined as excluding the null.