As a more clinically significant contribution of this work, we found that those subjects also increased habitual peak ankle moment and peak ankle power during push off after training by a significant 10% and 15%, respectively (P ≤ 0.036).
 
  We conclude that the use of horizontal impeding forces in older adults improves their maximum muscular and walking capacities while encouraging access to newfound strength gains, thereby improving habitual push-off intensity during walking.
 We conclude that the use of horizontal impeding forces in older adults improves their maximum muscular and walking capacities while encouraging access to newfound strength gains, thereby improving habitual push-off intensity during walking.
  This study aimed to determine how the speed-distance relationship, described by critical speed (CS) and distance prime (D'), is altered with aging.
 
  Official race data from the past eight World Masters Athletics Indoor Track and Field World Championships were used for this study. CS and D' were calculated for female and male athletes (35-90 yr of age) who registered times for the 800-, 1500-, and 3000-m runs during a single championship to determine the relationship between age and CS and D'. Twenty-six athletes completed sufficient races in multiple championships to retrospectively assess the change in CS and D' over time.
 
  Cross-sectional data indicated that CS continuously decreases after age 35 yr in a curvilinear manner with advancing age (R2 = 0.73, P < 0.001, n = 187), with even greater decreases in CS occurring after ~70 yr of age. D' also changed in a curvilinear manner with age (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.001, n = 103), such that decreases were observed between 35 and 70 yr, followed by an increase in D' thereafter. Retrospective, longitudinal data, with an average follow-up of 6.38 ± 1.73 yr, support these findings, indicating that the annual decrease in CS grows with advancing age (e.g., ~1% vs ~3% annual decrease in CS at age 55 vs 80 yr, respectively) and that D' shifts from an annual decrease (e.g., ~2.5% annual decrease at 55 yr) to an annual increase (e.g., ~2.5% annual increase at 80 yr) around 70 yr of age. Importantly, the relationship between CS and race pace was unaffected by age, supporting the relevance of CS throughout aging.
 
  Even among world-class athletes, CS decreases and D' changes with aging. These adaptations may contribute to the diminished exercise ability associated with aging.
 Even among world-class athletes, CS decreases and D' changes with aging. These adaptations may contribute to the diminished exercise ability associated with aging.
  Opioid use disorder (OUD) affects millions of Americans, but only a fraction receive treatment.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html  Many patients with OUD are enrolled in Medicaid, but elements of different state Medicaid programs' drug benefit designs may impact patients' access to life-saving care.
 
  To describe medication for OUD (mOUD) use in Medicaid and examine the relationship between mOUD use and state drug benefit design plans.
 
  Cross-sectional study using Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data from 2018 to quantify office-based mOUD and the Medicaid Behavioral Health Services Database to extract copay amounts and coverage limits for mOUD. We excluded states with <5% coverage and assessed for associations between copays or coverage limits and mOUD dispensing using simple linear regression.
 
  Proportion of mOUD prescriptions relative to all prescriptions, opioid prescriptions, and the state-level prevalence of pain reliever use disorder and association between copays, coverage limits and these proportions.
 
  There was substantial variability in mOUD use. Although state Medicaid drug benefit designs also varied, we found no significant relationship between copay requirements (yes/no), coverage limits (yes/no), copay amount ($0-$0.99 vs. $1 or more), and mOUD utilization measures.
 
  Substantial state-level variation exists in mOUD use, but we did not find a significant association between copays or coverage limits and use in Medicaid. Further research is needed to assess other potential impacts of mOUD drug benefit design elements in Medicaid.
 Substantial state-level variation exists in mOUD use, but we did not find a significant association between copays or coverage limits and use in Medicaid. Further research is needed to assess other potential impacts of mOUD drug benefit design elements in Medicaid.
  To address concerns that postacute cost-sharing may deter high-need beneficiaries from participating in Medicare Advantage (MA) plans, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have capped cost-sharing for skilled nursing facility (SNF) services in MA plans since 2011. This study examines whether SNF use, inpatient use, and plan disenrollment changed following stricter regulations in 2015 that required most MA plans to eliminate or substantially reduce cost-sharing for SNF care.
 
  Difference-in-differences retrospective analysis from 2013 to 2016.
 
  MA plans.
 
  Thirty-one million MA members in 320 plans with mandatory cost-sharing reductions and 261 plans without such reductions.
 
  Mean monthly number of SNF admissions, SNF days, hospitalizations, and plan disenrollees per 1000 members.
 
  Mean total cost-sharing for the first 20 days of SNF services decreased from $911 to $104 in affected plans. Relative to concurrent changes in plans without mandated cost-sharing reductions, plans with mandatory cost-sharing reductions experienced no significant differences in the number of SNF days per 1000 members (adjusted between-group difference 0.4 days per 1000 members [95% confidence interval (95% CI), -5.2 to 6.0, P=0.89], small decreases in the number of hospitalizations per 1000 members [adjusted between-group difference 0.6 admissions per 1000 members (95% CI, -1.0 to -0.1; P=0.03)], and small decreases in the number of SNF users who disenrolled at year-end [adjusted between-group difference -16.8 disenrollees per 1000 members (95% CI, -31.9 to -1.8; P=0.03)].
 
  Mandated reductions in SNF cost-sharing may have curbed selective disenrollment from MA plans without significantly increasing use of SNF services.
 Mandated reductions in SNF cost-sharing may have curbed selective disenrollment from MA plans without significantly increasing use of SNF services.