Vancomycin is a common antibiotic used to treat hemodialysis (HD) or hemodiafiltration (HDF)-related infections in pediatric patients, but optimal dosing remains unknown. This is the first observational study to characterize the pharmacokinetics and evaluate dosing of vancomycin in this population. Eligible patients received IV vancomycin 10 mg/kg per dose postdialysis followed by a series of serum vancomycin concentrations collected before, immediately after, 1 hour after, and 4 hours after dialysis. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using 1- and 2-compartment models and a nonlinear least-squares algorithm. Among 42 vancomycin courses in 16 patients, 1 compartment model had the best fit for observed data. The net drug removal was 43 ± 13% (39% for HD and 50% for HDF) from an average 3-hour HD/HDF session. The mean elimination constant was 0.28 h (standard deviation [SD], 0.11 h ) during the intradialytic period compared with 0.0049 h (SD, 0.004 h ) when off dialysis. The mean volume oty in vancomycin elimination in pediatric patients receiving HD/HDF. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) dosing strategies for induction in pediatric kidney transplantation vary between centers. It is not known whether a lower rATG induction dose provides safe and effective immunosuppression compared with a "standard" higher dose. We performed a retrospective multicenter study of all isolated first-time kidney transplant recipients<21 years old who received rATG induction between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014 at 9 pediatric centers. An cutoff of a 4.5-mg/kg cumulative rATG dose was used to identify low (≤ 4.5 mg/kg) and standard (> 4.5 mg/kg) exposure groups. Outcomes examined included 12 months posttransplant graft function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]); the occurrence of acute rejection, donor-specific antibody (DSA), neutropenia, and viral infection (cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], and BK virus); and 24-month outcomes of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) occurrence and patient and graft survival. Two hu. Prospective studies are warranted to define the optimal rATG induction dose in pediatric kidney transplantation. Blood transfusion is a risk factor for allosensitization. Nevertheless, blood transfusion posttransplant remains a common practice. We evaluated the effect of posttransplant blood transfusion on graft outcomes. We included nonsensitized, first-time, kidney-alone recipients transplanted between 1 July 2015 and 31 December 2017. Patients were grouped based on receiving blood transfusion in the first 30 days posttransplant. The primary end point was a composite outcome of biopsy-proven acute rejection, death of any cause, or graft failure in the first year posttransplant. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome and the cumulative incidence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). Two hundred seventy-three patients were included. One hundred twenty-seven (47%) received blood transfusion. Patients in the transfusion group were more likely to be older, have had a deceased donor, and have received induction with basiliximab. There was no difference between groups in the composite primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio= [HR] 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-2.17; = 0.23). The cumulative incidence of DSAs during the first year posttransplant was similar between groups (12.8% transfusion vs. 10.9% no transfusion, = 0.48). Early transfusion of blood products in kidney transplant recipients receiving induction with lymphocyte depletion was not associated with an increased hazard of experiencing acute rejection, death from any cause, or graft loss. Early transfusion of blood products in kidney transplant recipients receiving induction with lymphocyte depletion was not associated with an increased hazard of experiencing acute rejection, death from any cause, or graft loss. Serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels have been associated with the progression of kidney impairment among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but only a few studies have investigated the association between serum NT-proBNP levels and incident CKD in general populations. A total of 2486 Japanese community-dwelling residents≥40 years of age without CKD at baseline were followed up by repeated annual health examinations for 10 years. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to serum NT-proBNP levels. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60 ml/min/1.73m or the presence of proteinuria. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of CKD. Linear mixed models were used to compare changes in eGFR. During the follow-up period, 800 participants developed CKD. The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for developing CKD were 1.00 (reference), 1.32 (1.11-1.57), 1.40 (1.10-1.78), and 1.94 (1.38-2.73) for serum NT-proBNP levels of<55, 55-124, 125-299, and≥300 pg/ml, respectively ( for trend<0.001). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ad-5584.html The decline of eGFR during the follow-up was significantly more rapid among participants with higher serum NT-proBNP levels ( for trend<0.001). Adding serum NT-proBNP to the model composed of known risk factors for CKD improved the predictive ability for developing CKD. Higher serum NT-proBNP levels were associated with greater risks of developing CKD and greater decline in eGFR. Serum NT-proBNP could be a useful biomarker for assessing the future risk of CKD in a general Japanese population. Higher serum NT-proBNP levels were associated with greater risks of developing CKD and greater decline in eGFR. Serum NT-proBNP could be a useful biomarker for assessing the future risk of CKD in a general Japanese population. The creatinine-based Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation was calibrated for the general Pakistan population (eGFRcr-PK) to eliminate bias and improve accuracy. Cystatin C-based CKD-EPI equations (eGFRcys and eGFRcr-cys) have not been assessed in this population, and non-GFR determinants of cystatin C are unknown. We assessed eGFRcys, eGFRcr-cys, and non-GFR determinants of cystatin C in a cross-sectional study of 557 participants (≥40 years of age) from Pakistan. We compared bias (median difference in measured GFR [mGFR] and eGFR), precision (interquartile range [IQR] of differences), accuracy (percentage of eGFR within 30% of mGFR), root mean square error (RMSE), and classification of mGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] and net reclassification index [NRI]) among eGFR equations. We found that eGFRcys underestimated mGFR (bias, 12.7 ml/min/1.73 m [95% confidence interval CI 10.