It is necessary for African leaders and governments to recognize schistosomiasis as a public health challenge that must be given serious attention in terms of funding and setting up frameworks to complement control efforts. (ii) Technically, efficient monitoring and surveillance system mechanism will facilitate contextual and effective management of schistosomiasis elimination across the different environment, and African programme managers should embrace the use of appropriate diagnostic tools to guide treatment strategies at different thresholds of schistosomiasis control. (iii) Strategically, effective control of snail intermediate hosts and precision mapping of snail distribution should be prioritized for successful schistosomiasis elimination in Africa.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/turi.html  V.For patients with type 1 diabetes, it is accepted among the scientific community that there is a marked reduction in β-cell mass; however, with type 2 diabetes, there is disagreement as to whether this reduction in mass occurs in every case. Some have argued that β-cell mass in some patients with type 2 diabetes is normal and that the cause of the hyperglycaemia in these patients is a functional abnormality of insulin secretion. In this Personal View, we argue that a deficient β-cell mass is essential for the development of type 2 diabetes. The main point is that there are enormous (≥10 fold) variations in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the general population, with a very close correlation between these two factors for any individual. Although β-cell mass cannot be accurately measured in living patients, it is highly likely that it too is highly correlated with insulin sensitivity and secretion. Thus, our argument is that a person with type 2 diabetes can have a β-cell mass that is the same as a person without type 2 diabetes, but because they are insulin resistant, the mass is inadequate and responsible for their diabetes. Because the abnormal insulin secretion of diabetes is caused by dysglycaemia and can be largely reversed with glycaemic control, it is a less serious problem than the reduction in β-cell mass, which is far more difficult to restore. BACKGROUND Considering the global burden of diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease, an urgent need exists for the best treatment, which should be based on the best available evidence. We examined the association between glucose-lowering medications and a broad range of cardiovascular outcomes, and assessed the strength of evidence for these associations. METHODS For this umbrella review we searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials examining the cardiovascular safety of glucose-lowering medications. Cardiovascular outcomes examined included major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, unstable angina, and atrial fibrillation. For each meta-analysis, we estimated the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI. We also created an evidence map showing the plausible benefits or harms of each intervention and the certainty of the evidence. FINDINGS We examined 232 meta-analutcomes; some drugs raised the risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas others showed benefit. FUNDING None. Fever is one of the most common reasons for seeking health care globally and most human pathogens are zoonotic. We conducted a systematic review to describe the occurrence and distribution of zoonotic causes of human febrile illness reported in malaria endemic countries. We included data from 53 (48·2%) of 110 malaria endemic countries and 244 articles that described diagnosis of 30 zoonoses in febrile people. The majority (17) of zoonoses were bacterial, with nine viruses, three protozoa, and one helminth also identified. Leptospira species and non-typhoidal salmonella serovars were the most frequently reported pathogens. Despite evidence of profound data gaps, this Review reveals widespread distribution of multiple zoonoses that cause febrile illness. Greater understanding of the epidemiology of zoonoses in different settings is needed to improve awareness about these pathogens and the management of febrile illness. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to identify the perceived barriers to full-text journal publication (JP) from abstracts presented at the 2010-2013 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) meetings. METHODS AND MATERIALS In the present cross-sectional study, all unpublished AAOMS abstracts (n = 473) from the temporal period were procured using a database from a previous publication. An online questionnaire was then distributed to the primary or secondary author for whom an e-mail address was available through the AAOMS Member Directory (n = 260) to assess 1) the current publication status of the abstract; and 2) the perceived barriers to JP. The responses were summarized with descriptive statistics. RESULTS Of the 260 authors surveyed, 51 responded, for a response rate of 19.6%. At the time of the survey, 66.7% of the authors stated that submission for JP had not been pursued, and 15.7% stated that the abstract had achieved JP. However, no citations were provided. Overall, a low perceived priority (52.9%), insufficient time (50%), methodologic limitations (23.5%), and inadequate institutional support (17.6%) were the 4 primary reasons cited by the authors for the failure to pursue or achieve JP. CONCLUSIONS JP of abstracts presented at the annual AAOMS meeting is very low, with many barriers to JP of presented abstracts. PURPOSE To address the shortcoming of reporting P values, several leading medical journals have revised their guidelines for reporting results, specifically mandating the use of confidence intervals (CIs). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of reporting CIs in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) by academic oral and maxillofacial surgeons. MATERIALS AND METHODS We implemented a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample composed of RCTs reported in 3 oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) journals in 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018. We identified RCTs using a Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search in Medline. Studies were included in the sample if they were randomized and reported a measure of association. Predictor variables included the year of publication, journal, OMS focus area (eg, dentoalveolar surgery, anesthesia/facial pain, craniomaxillofacial trauma), reported confounding factors, funding sources, conflict of interest, study region, number of institutions involved, number of authors, and academic rank of the authors.