Colostomy patients experience various obstacles in physiological, psychological, and societal aspect. Nurses should provide effective discharge guidance to correct misunderstandings about the stoma, refer patients to psychological care, and promote transitional care.
 Colostomy patients experience various obstacles in physiological, psychological, and societal aspect.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/liraglutide.html  Nurses should provide effective discharge guidance to correct misunderstandings about the stoma, refer patients to psychological care, and promote transitional care.Rift Valley fever and lumpy skin disease are infectious ruminant diseases that are endemic in most African countries. The most cost-effective method of prevention and control is through annual vaccination. However, unlike lumpy skin disease, annual vaccination against Rift Valley fever is not practiced by many farmers due to its sporadic occurrences and shortcoming of the existing vaccines. This necessitates development of novel vaccines that would provide dual protection against a Rift Valley fever and a more prevalent disease. In this study, a discrete choice experiment was undertaken to guide vaccine development by examining the value smallholder livestock farmers place on different vaccine attributes and related attribute levels. The attributes considered are target-species, thermotolerance, nature of the vaccine, efficacy and price. The study was carried out with 164 smallholder livestock farmers in the Free State province. Results indicate that thermostaility is not a major deciding attribute to smallholder farmer's choice of vaccine. Farmers prefer multivalent vaccines, which are highly efficacious with about 90-100 % efficacy levels. Farmers were found to be heterogeneous in preference. The heterogeneity is explained by socio-economic factors such as type of livestock owned, income level, gender and perceived disease risk. Farmers were also willing to pay for preferred attribute levels. However, for less favourable levels such as multispecies, female farmers were willing to accept a lower compensation than males. These findings present a favourable potential for development of a novel multivalent vaccine and also provide vaccine research and development scientists with evidence based knowledge for development of vaccines that cater for the needs of smallholder farmers.
  Iran is one of the countries with a high prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and COVID-19.MS patients receiving the immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapy have a higher risk of infection. Due to the significance of determining the risk factors for getting COVID-19 among MS patients, the present study was designed to assess the risk of infection following the pulse steroid therapy.
 
  This cross-sectional study included all MS patients that received corticosteroids in Tehran from December 2019 to August 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic spread. The subjects' clinical records including their sex, age, the type of MS, the type of medication, the number of days using corticosteroids, the status of prednisolone intake, and the number of days receiving prednisolone after the corticosteroid therapy were obtained. Moreover, main outcomes such as COVID-19 infection and the occurrence of death were recorded by patient's visits and follow-up phone calls. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by physicians according61) and those not taking prednisolone. Furthermore, there was no significant association between different medication groups and the risk of Covid-19 infection (p < 0.05). No death occurred due to Covid-19 infection among the subjects.
 
  COVID-19 infection was more common among female and younger patients as well as patients with a longer duration of the pulse therapy and prednisolone intake. There was no significant association between the pulse steroid therapy in MS patients and the risk of infection by COVID-19 in the Iranian population.
 COVID-19 infection was more common among female and younger patients as well as patients with a longer duration of the pulse therapy and prednisolone intake. There was no significant association between the pulse steroid therapy in MS patients and the risk of infection by COVID-19 in the Iranian population.
  Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the second most common neurological disease in the world, which usually affects people mainly in later years of life. Cognitive impairments and depressive symptoms are important symptoms in these patients that are associated with a poor prognosis. The study will focus on the original data regarding the cognitive impairments and depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and control group.
 
  In a case-control study, a total of 100 Parkinson's patients who were hospitalized in Rouhani Hospital and 200 non-Parkinson's people (control group) from Amirkola Health and aging project (AHAP) Marras et al., Babol, Iran were enrolled between September 2019 to February 2020. Data were collected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using a four-part questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging Scale (MHYSS), Mini-M ental State Examination (MMS impairment in Parkinson's patients and the control group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively).
 
  Cognitive impairments and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with an increase in the severity of Parkinson's disease, and also, depressive symptoms in Parkinson's patients was associated with an increase in cognitive impairments.
 Cognitive impairments and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with an increase in the severity of Parkinson's disease, and also, depressive symptoms in Parkinson's patients was associated with an increase in cognitive impairments.
  Optic radiation protection is crucial in the basal temporal approach to the mesial temporal lobe. Clear description of the optic radiation in the basal brain surface is lacking. Our aim is to describe the anatomy of optic radiation in the basal cerebral surface and define safety zone of basal temporal approach avoiding of optic radiation injury.
 
  Five brain specimens (10 hemispheres) were dissected using Klingler method to observe the course of the optic radiation. Diffusion tensor imaging data of 25 volunteers were used to verify the fiber dissection results. The relationship of the optic radiation to nearby structures were illustrated and measured.
 
  The optic radiation bends from the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle to its bottom at a basal turning point of optic radiation (bTPOR). The bTPOR is at the plane crossing the center point of the splenium of corpus callosum. MRI measurements showed no significant difference in the distance from the center of the splenium of corpus callosum and the bTPOR to the occipital pole (59.