lder women with early-stage breast cancer is sensitive to small differences in costs, as well as risk of, and utilities associated with, locoregional recurrence, suggesting that patient preferences concerning treatment benefits and risks should be considered by physicians.
  Women constitute more than 50% of medical students in the United States. However, only 9.9% of practicing urologists are women, with much fewer numbers in high ranking appointments and positions of leadership. With a growing number of women in pediatric urology, we sought to evaluate how pediatric urologists perceive the climate for women physicians and compare perceptions and experiences of gender equity based on characteristics including gender, practice type, parental status, and years in practice.
 
  An IRB approved survey was sent out to the Society of Pediatric Urology (SPU) listserve of active members. We utilized a validated study, the Culture Conducive to Women's Academic Success questionnaire (CCWAS, higher scores indicating better perceived culture toward women). Subcategories (equal access, work-life balance, freedom of gender bias, and leadership support) were also analyzed. A comment section was provided for respondents to include their own experiences. Descriptive statistics were used for demoe response rate of active female members of the SPU was 70%. The survey was designed to assess gender equity in academia, and may not be as generalizable to the private practice community. Yet, the differences in perceptions and experiences of gender equity of this study have been noted by studies in other specialties, as well as the 2018 AUA Census report, and may provide insight into the presence and perpetuation of unconscious or systemic biases within medicine.
 
  In this study, male physician perceptions of gender equity were different from those reported by female physicians, suggesting there are gender-based differences in how gender inequities are perceived and experienced.
 In this study, male physician perceptions of gender equity were different from those reported by female physicians, suggesting there are gender-based differences in how gender inequities are perceived and experienced.The Urofacial or Ochoa Syndrome (UFS or UFOS) is characterized by an inverted facial expression (those affected seem crying while smiling) associated with lower urinary tract dysfunction without evident obstructive or neurological cause. It is associated with autosomal recessive inheritance mutations in the HPSE2 gene, located at 10q23-q24, and the LRGI2 gene, located in 1p13.2; however, in up to 16% of patients, no associated mutations have been found. Recent evidence suggests that these genes are critical to an adequate neurological development to the lower urinary tract and that the origin of the disease seems to be due to peripheral neuropathy. There is clinical variability among patients with UFS and not all present the classic two components, and it has even been genetically confirmed in patients with a prior diagnosis of Hinman Syndrome or other bladder dysfunctions. Also, the presence of nocturnal lagophthalmos in these patients was recently described. Early recognition and timely diagnosis are critical to preventing complications such as urinary tract infections or chronic kidney disease. Next, the history of Urofacial Syndrome, the advances in its pathophysiology, and its clinical characteristics is reviewed.
  Immunoglobulin A vasculitis/Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgAV/HSP) is a leukocytoclasia vasculitis of childhood, predominantly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. The involvement of the penis is rare.
 
  We aimed to describe this rare manifestation of IgAV/HSP and to review the previous studies, including similar cases.
 
  Clinical data were reviewed for two children of penile involvement of IgAV/HSP in our hospital. More clinical cases were retrieved from the databases of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus from database inception to February 1, 2020.
 
  We presented two boys aged three and five years both of whom had penile lesions after presenting with the typical rash of IgAV/HSP on lower extremities. The penile lesions improved entirely in a few days without treatment in one and with corticosteroid treatment in the other. The literature review revealed 12 articles describing 20 patients with penile involvement of IgAV/HSP. The penile findings were edema, erythema, ecchymosis, purpuric rashTreatment with corticosteroids could be considered in the treatment of selected cases especially with systemic involvement.
  Ectopic upper pole ureters in duplex kidneys can be managed surgically by ipsilateral distal ureteroureterostomy or reimplantation of both ipsilateral ureters when upper pole shows reasonable function.
 
  This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of transvesicoscopic dismembered upper ureteric reimplantation for patients with ectopic upper pole ureters in duplication anomalies.
 
  Between July 2015 and January 2019, laparoscopic transvesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation was performed in 20 patients with ectopic upper pole ureters. An incision was made in the bladder wall at 1.0cm proximal to the lower ureteral orifice of affected side. The upper pole ureter was recognized, and the terminal portion of the upper ureter was ligated and cut.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lenalidomide-s1029.html  Then the proximal portion of the upper ureter was mobilized, a transverse submucosal tunnel was created and upper ureteric reimplantation was performed with 6/0 absorbable sutures. Patients were followed up with renal ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrogram for tion of the lower pole ureter compared to ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy. But this method does not seem applicable to children under 6 months of age because of the small bladder capacity.
 
  The laparoscopic intravesical technique of dismembered ureteral reimplantation was safe and feasible in our cases and may be an alternative surgical treatment for ectopic upper pole ureters in duplication anomalies.
 The laparoscopic intravesical technique of dismembered ureteral reimplantation was safe and feasible in our cases and may be an alternative surgical treatment for ectopic upper pole ureters in duplication anomalies.