Amounts of polycyclic perfumed hydrocarbons within delicious and deep-fried vegetable essential oil: a health risk assessment review.
 NOS1AP SNPs correlate with QT prolongation and cardiac sudden death in patients affected by long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1). NOS1AP targets NOS1 to intracellular effectors. We hypothesize that NOS1AP SNPs cause NOS1 dysfunction and this may converge with prolonged action potential duration (APD) to facilitate arrhythmias. AIMS To test 1) the effects of NOS1 inhibition and their interaction with prolonged APD in a guinea pig cardiomyocyte (GP-CMs) LQT1 model; 2) whether pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) from LQT1 patients differing for NOS1AP variants and mutation penetrance display a phenotype compatible with NOS1 deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS In GP-CMs NOS1 was inhibited by SMTC (or L-VNIO); LQT1 was mimicked by IKs blockade (JNJ203) and β-adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol). hiPSC-CMs were obtained from symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) KCNQ1-A341V carriers, harboring the minor and major alleles of NOS1AP SNPs (rs16847548 and rs4657139) respectively. In GP-CMs NOS1 inhibition prolonged APD, enhanced ICaL and INaL, slowed Ca2+ decay and induced delayed afterdepolarizations. Under action-potential clamp, switching to shorter APD suppressed "transient inward current" events induced by NOS1 inhibition and reduced cytosolic Ca2+. In S (vs AS) hiPSC-CMs APD was longer and ICaL larger; NOS1AP and NOS1 expression and colocalization were decreased. CONCLUSIONS the minor NOS1AP alleles are associated with NOS1 loss of function. The latter likely contributes to APD prolongation in LQT1 and converges with it to perturb Ca2+ handling. This establishes a mechanistic link between NOS1AP SNPs and aggravation of the arrhythmia phenotype in prolonged repolarization syndromes. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2020. For permissions please email journals.permissions@oup.com.The Viviparidae, commonly known as River Snails, is a dominant group of freshwater snails with a nearly worldwide distribution that reaches its highest taxonomic and morphological diversity in Southeast Asia. The rich fossil record is indicative of a probable Middle Jurassic origin on the Laurasian supercontinent where the group started to diversify during the Cretaceous. However, it remains uncertain when and how the biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia was formed. Here, we used a comprehensive genetic dataset containing both mitochondrial and nuclear markers and comprising species representing 24 out of 28 genera from throughout the range of the family. To reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of viviparids on a global scale, we reconstructed a fossil-calibrated phylogeny. We further assessed the roles of cladogenetic and anagenetic events in range evolution. Finally, we reconstructed the evolution of shell features by estimating ancestral character states to assess whether the appearance of sculpturedon towards smooth shells in lotic habitats, as identified in the present analyses, explains why sculptured shells are rarely found in these habitats. However, the specific factors that promoted changes in shell morphology require further work. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.The increasing demand for triacylglycerol (TAG) enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has led to a surge of interest in microalgal TAG metabolism. Polar membrane lipids serve as the desaturation carrier for PUFA and the functional group PUFA can be incorporated into TAG. Monogalactoglycerolipid (MGDG) has been found to provide the de novo synthsized oleate acyl group or the nascent polyunsaturated diacylglycerol backbone for TAG biosynthesis in the model green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, whether other membrane lipids take part in formation of PUFA-attached TAG has not been clearly discovered.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html  Time-course of glycerolipidomics in the starchless mutant BAFJ5, that hyper-accumulates TAG, of C.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html  reinhardtii revealed that digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and diacylglycerol-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) turned into the main component of membrane lipids, accounting for 62% of the total polar lipids, under nitrogen deprivation combined with high light conditions. In addition, the membrane lipid molecules DGDG 183n3/160 and DGTS 160/183n6 were presumed to involve in consecutive integration of the de novo synthesized linolenates into TAG. Based on stoichiometry calculation, DGDG and DGTS were demonstrated to make major contribution to accumulation of linolenate-attached TAG. Our study gives insights into the potential PUFA-attached TAG formation pathway mediated by turnover of de novo synthesized DGDG and DGTS in starchless mutant of Chlamydomonas. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Understanding what shapes species phenotypes over macroevolutionary timescales from comparative data often requires studying the relationship between phenotypes and putative explanatory factors or testing for differences in phenotypes across species groups. In phyllostomid bats for example, is mandible morphology associated to diet preferences? Performing such analyses depends upon reliable phylogenetic regression techniques and associated tests (e.g. phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares, pGLS and phylogenetic analyses of variance and covariance, pANOVA, pANCOVA). While these tools are well established for univariate data, their multivariate counterparts are lagging behind. This is particularly true for high dimensional phenotypic data, such as morphometric data. Here we implement much-needed likelihood-based multivariate pGLS, pMANOVA and pMANCOVA, and use a recently developed penalized likelihood framework to extend their application to the difficult case when the number of traits p approaches or exceeds what shapes phenotypic differences across species. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.