Since the early 2000s, reports on declining hornbeam trees (Carpinus betulus) are spreading in Europe. Two fungi are involved in the decline phenomenon One is Anthostoma decipiens, but the other etiological agent has not been identified yet. We examined the morphology, phylogenetic position, and pathogenicity of yellow fungal isolates obtained from hornbeam trees from Austria, Georgia and Switzerland, and compared data with disease reports from northern Italy documented since the early 2000s. Results demonstrate distinctive morphology and monophyletic status of Cryphonectria carpinicola sp. nov. as etiological agent of the European hornbeam decline. Interestingly, the genus Cryphonectria splits into two major clades. One includes Cry. carpinicola together with Cry. radicalis, Cry. decipiens and Cry. naterciae from Europe, while the other comprises species known from Asia-suggesting that the genus Cryphonectria has developed at two evolutionary centres, one in Europe and Asia Minor, the other in East Asia. Pathogenicity studies confirm that Car. betulus is a major host species of Cry. carpinicola. This clearly distinguished Cry. carpinicola from other Cryphonectria species, which mainly occur on Castanea and Quercus.
  The mental health of individuals who have been forcibly displaced can be impacted both by war-related traumatic events and displacement-related stressors, which arise as a consequence of their migratory journey and subsequent experiences. In addition to focusing on mental disorders, there is a need to explore broader psychosocial outcomes that are important for forcibly displaced people. Our aim is to present a coherent explanatory framework to understand how both past traumatic events and ongoing stressors operating throughout forcibly displaced people's social environment can impact mental health and psychosocial wellbeing.
 
  We describe the capability approach (CA), a human development framework that foregrounds individuals' freedom to engage in forms of being and doing that are valuable to them. We consider the opportunities that the CA provides for understanding how a myriad of factors can impact forcibly displaced people, and how different forms of support can be configured to meet the needs of particinst the risk that the aspirations of assessment instruments and interventions aimed at supporting forcibly displaced people are narrowly focused on addressing distress and disorders, to instead adopt a more expansive focus on forcibly displaced people's potential and the possibilities that they wish to realise.
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant psychological impact on healthcare workers (HCWs).
 
  There is an urgent need to understand the risk and protective factors associated with poor mental well-being of UK HCWs working during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 
  Shortly after the April 2020 UK COVID-19 peak 2773 HCWs completed a survey containing measures of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and stress, as well as questions around potential predictors such as roles, COVID-19 risk perception and workplace-related factors. Respondents were classified as high or low symptomatic on each scale and logistic regression revealed factors associated with severe psychiatric symptoms. Change in well-being from pre- to during COVID-19 was also quantified.
 
  Nearlya third of HCWs reported moderate to severe levels of anxiety and depression, and the number reporting very high symptoms was more than quadruple that pre-COVID-19. Several controllable factors were associated with the mosrimental impact of COVID-19 and other pandemics on HCW mental health.
  Routine therapeutic drug monitoring in clozapine therapy has previously not been considered justifiable. Using observational data, the clinical utility of annual clozapine assay monitoring is explored within a large mental health trust.
 
  After the introduction of routine monitoring, the rate of clozapine assays rose to 2.3 per patient per year, with a consistent reduction in high-risk clozapine assays (<0.1 mg/L or >1.0 mg/L or any result more than 24 months old). High-risk assays are associated with a mortality rate of 31.6 deaths per 1000 patients, more than twice that of those within the target range (0.35-0.60 mg/L and conducted within the past 12 months) (P = 0.048).
 
  Routine clozapine assay monitoring has significant clinical utility. Our simple but targeted approach can be readily implemented to reduce the number of patients with high-risk clozapine assay levels, potentially reduce all-cause mortality and provide optimal treatment for those with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
 Routine clozapine assay monitoring has significant clinical utility.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/th5427.html  Our simple but targeted approach can be readily implemented to reduce the number of patients with high-risk clozapine assay levels, potentially reduce all-cause mortality and provide optimal treatment for those with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.Since 2015, the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by serogroup W (MenW) has increased in Sweden, due to the introduction of the 2013 strain belonging to clonal complex 11. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of MenW infections, in particular the 2013 strain, including genetic associations. Medical records of confirmed MenW IMD cases in Sweden during the years 1995-2019 (n = 113) were retrospectively reviewed and the clinical data analysed according to strain. Of all MenW patients, bacteraemia without the focus of infection was seen in 44%, bacteraemic pneumonia in 26%, meningitis in 13% and epiglottitis in 8%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 48% and 4% presented with petechiae. Phylogenetic analysis was used for possible links between genetic relationship and clinical picture. The 2013 strain infections, particularly in one cluster, were associated with more severe disease compared with other MenW infections. The patients with 2013 strain infections (n = 68) were older (52 years vs. 25 years for other strains), presented more often with diarrhoea as an atypical presentation (P = 0.045) and were more frequently admitted for intensive care (P = 0.032). There is a risk that the atypical clinical presentation of MenW infections, with predominantly gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms rather than neck stiffness or petechiae, may lead to delay in life-saving treatment.