The paper contributes to scholarship on institutions in new democracies, chiefly authority, the conditions for infant and under-five survival, and the political determinants of health. In doing so, it demonstrates the value of drilling down to the local level to probe the political determinants of population health. Infertility, a common experience among women and men worldwide, remains on the margins of public health and medicine in low-resource settings. Previous studies identified associations between individual experiences of infertility and negative outcomes, particularly in contexts where childbearing is imperative, but few have examined broader implications of infertility and infertility-related stigma on communities. To understand the production and impact of infertility-related stigma, this study analyzes 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted with 104 women and men in rural Malawi. FGDs, conducted July-September 2018, were used to elicit the range of community norms around family formation, pregnancy, fertility, and infertility. Data were analyzed through memo-ing during and after data collection and collaborative, thematic coding. We found that stigma manifested within existing systems of gender and power. Aligning with Link and Phelan's stigma framework (2001) there were three primary mechanisms by whichat the community-level, impacts decisions around contraceptive use and timing of childbearing, as women and men not only wanted to avoid infertility, but also the appearance of infertility. This study examined the longitudinal associations between two types of social trust and satisfaction with life. Trust in community, an individual-level trust in a less intimate circle of people with shared physical and/or symbolic group membership, is proposed side by side with trust in close relations, which captures trust in one's intimate circle of people. Using two-wave representative samples from 18 societies with a six-month interval (N = 8587), I first conducted measurement invariance tests and then a cross-lagged panel analysis to examine the associations. Results showed that all latent variables were metrically invariant across countries and across time. Trust in community, but not trust in close relations, had a positive longitudinal association with satisfaction with life. The reverse associations were also found, where satisfaction with life was longitudinally associated with both types of social trust. These findings may help to clarify the causality of the link between social trust and well-being and suggest the two-factor model of social trust is a robust and useful tool in cross-national well-being research. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In this work, a numerical study is done on the blood flow inside an artery with a cone shape of stenosis. An artery has different stenosis angles. Also, blood flow is energized by constant heat flux which is applied on the wall. The finite volume method is employed to determine blood properties on the basis of a Sisko fluid model with different constant parameters. METHODS Firstly, the effects of applying constant heat flux of q'' = 4 W/m2 are studied on the velocity profile of blood flow inside an artery with stenosis angles of φ = 0.5°. Afterward, effects of different stenosis angles of φ = 0.25, φ = 0.5, φ = 0.75, φ = 1 and φ = 1.25 is studied on blood flow temperature profile. Then, different values of the Sisko model are employed to investigate influences of Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviors of blood fluid on the temperature profiles of blood flow inside an artery with stenosis angle of φ = 0.5°. RESULTS It is reported that with increasing stenosis angles, blood flow temperature is decreased due to velocity enhancement. This phenomenon is convinced by non-slip condition and sticking non-Newtonian blood fluid to the internal surface of artery wall which reduce velocity from wall surface region to central region of vessel. Also, it is concluded that changing behavior of blood fluid from non-Newtonian to Newtonian behaviors can empower the capability of blood in thermal energy transfer inside human body vessels. CONCLUSIONS Any treatment by balloon angioplasty, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and serum injection, which changes the behavior of blood flow inside body veins, can be effective on blood flow temperature. BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance (MR) elastography is a non-destructive method of measuring biological tissue and is conducive to the early detection of tumors. Researchers usually set different assumptions according to different research objects, then establish and solve wave equations to estimate the shear modulus. Establishing a more reasonable model for a measured object estimates a more accurate shear modulus. Different assumptions of the mathematical model, and the method used to solve the wave equation causes deviation of the estimation. OBJECTIVE This study focused on shear modulus deviations caused by differences in calculation methods. The author demonstrated a method to ensure that the measuring range of the selected reconstruction algorithm with selected drive frequency covers the elasticity range of the target tissue.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/OSI-906.html  It is hoped to arouse the interest of researchers to introduce new transform domain methods to the field of MR elastography. METHOD In linear, isotropic and local homogeneity assumptio than that of LFE at the same experimental conditions. CONCLUSION The driving frequency selection range of the spatial frequency domain method is wider than that of the spatial domain method. It is worthwhile for researchers to devote more time to introducing new transformation domain method for MR elastography. BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exercise training (ET) helps treat atherosclerosis. However, many patients stop regular ET for various reasons. The effect of detraining on atherosclerosis is not well studied. We examined the effects of ET vs. short-term detraining on atheromatous matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in preexisting plaque and circulating cytokines/lipids. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen-week-old apolipoprotein-E-/- mice (n = 56) on a Western diet underwent 1) ET for 6-weeks (ET5+1), 2) ET for 5-weeks and detraining for 1-week (ET5+0), 3) ET for the last 1-week (ET0+1), or 4) no treadmill ET at all for 6-weeks (ET0+0). Atheromatous MMP-activity was visualized using molecular imaging with an MMP-2/9-activatable near-infrared-fluorescent probe. Compared with no ET (ET0+0), regular ET (ET5+1) decreased carotid atheromatous MMP activity, but this protective effect was significantly blunted by short-term detraining (ET5+0). Short-term detraining after longer-term ET showed a reduction in MMP-activity similar to short-term ET (ET0+1).