https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html The present study aimed to define the physical function and lipid profile for physical and cognitive frailty in community-dwelling Korean older adults. A total of 229 participants (age = 76.76 ± 3.72 years; body mass index = 24.83 ± 3.15) were classified into four groups robust, pre-frailty, cognitive decline, and cognitive frailty. An analysis on the four groups was performed to measure their physical and cognitive function, as well as blood biomarkers. The area under (AUC) the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) indicated that the 6-min Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and Five Times Sit-to-Stand test (FTSS) had the potential to distinguish the capacity of an old adult to predict cognitive frailty. The 6MWT had a higher sensitivity and the TUG and FTSS tests had greater specificity. With cognitive frailty as a categorical variable, cognitive frailty status was a significant predictor of the TUG (odds ratio (OR) 2.897; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.283-6.541), FTSS (OR 3.337; 95% CI 1.451-7.673), and 6MWT (OR 0.204; 95% CI 0.070-0.591) tests. Our findings indicate that the 6MWT, TUG, and FTSS tests are closely related to cognitive frailty and can provide potential prognostic cutoff points.Nucleotides released by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and by innervating nerve terminals activate specific P2 receptors and modulate bladder contraction. We hypothesized that cell surface enzymes regulate SMC contraction in mice bladder by controlling the concentration of nucleotides. We showed by immunohistochemistry, enzymatic histochemistry, and biochemical activities that nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase were the major ectonucleotidases expressed by SMCs in the bladder. RT-qPCR revealed that, among the nucleotide receptors, there was higher expression of P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y6 receptors. Ex vivo, nucleotides induced a more potent contraction of bladder strips isolate