BACKGROUND Standing can be understood as a motor process in addition to the stereotypes of movement described by Janda. Atypical stress during standing leads to overstraining of myofascial structures and to pain. The search for a specific examination possibility with the prospect of individual therapy recommendations was the reason for the development of this score.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/s-2-hydroxysuccinic-acid.html  METHODOLOGY In this study 80 healthy volunteers were examined for their stance stability by means of established as well as proportionally newly described test procedures. The equally weighted results were combined into a score and its standard values were determined. RESULTS For the age group 18-44 years old the norm is the completion of 10 out of the total of 13 individual tasks. For the age group 45-59 years old, according to current measurements 8 out of 13 achieved points are the norm. In the age group from the age of 60 years onwards, no reliable statements can so far be made. DISCUSSION The age group up to 44 years old provided reliable data. The age group above that shows at least a clear trend. The existing tests and scores are increasingly concerned with the risk of falling and the dexterity in movements and complex tasks. The status as a motor stereotype has not yet been described. After an examination using the Jena standing stability (JESS) score it is possible to make statements about individual therapy priorities. CONCLUSION The JESS score is a practicable test to verify the standing stereotype. The extension of the norm group by including further study participants will decide on a stabilization or modification of the current results. The testing of further cohorts will show to what extent these items are sensitive to changes caused by training methods and whether the score can also be used to congruently map clinical changes.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual loss of a specific group of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Importantly, current treatments only address the symptoms of PD, yet not the underlying molecular causes. Concomitantly, the function of genes that cause inherited forms of PD point to mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor in the etiology of PD. An inherent challenge that mitochondria face is the continuous exposure to diverse stresses including high levels of reactive oxygen species and protein misfolding, which increase their likelihood of dysregulation. In response, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated quality control mechanisms to identify, repair and/or eliminate abnormal dysfunctional mitochondria. One such mechanism is mitophagy, a process which involves PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondrial Ser/Thr kinase and Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, each encoded by genes responsible for early-onset autosoma degradation pathways and mitophagy in the context of N-degron mediated degradation of mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and highlight some of the future prospects.Infection by distinct Dengue virus serotypes and host immunity are intricately linked. In particular, certain levels of cross-reactive antibodies in the host may actually enhance infection severity leading to Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The coupled immunological and epidemiological dynamics of Dengue calls for a multi-scale modeling approach. In this work, we formulate a within-host model which mechanistically recapitulates characteristics of antibody dependent enhancement in Dengue infection. The within-host scale is then linked to epidemiological spread by a vector-host partial differential equation model structured by host antibody level. The coupling allows for dynamic population-wide antibody levels to be tracked through primary and secondary infections by distinct Dengue strains, along with waning of cross-protective immunity after primary infection. Analysis of both the within-host and between-host systems are conducted. Stability results in the epidemic model are formulated via basic and invasion reproduction numbers as a function of immunological variables. Additionally, we develop numerical methods in order to simulate the multi-scale model and assess the influence of parameters on disease spread and DHF prevalence in the population.BACKGROUND Outcome of ischemic VT ablation may differ between patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) in relation to infarct localization. METHODS We analyzed procedural data, acute and long-term outcomes of 152 consecutive patients (139 men, mean age 67 ± 9 years) with previous anterior or inferior MI who underwent ischemic VT ablation at our institution between January 2010 and October 2015. RESULTS More patients had a history of inferior MI (58%). Mean ejection fraction was significantly lower in anterior MI patients (28 ± 10% vs. 34 ± 10%, p  less then  0.001). NYHA class and presence of comorbidities were not different between the groups. Indication for the procedure was electrical storm in 43% of patients, and frequent implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapies in 57%, and did not differ significantly between anterior and inferior MI patients. A mean of 3 ± 2 VT morphologies were inducible, with a trend towards more VT in the anterior MI group (3.1 ± 2.2 vs. 2.6 ± 1.9, p = 0.18). Procedural parameters and acute success did not differ between the groups. During a mean follow-up of 3 ± 2 years, more anterior MI patients had undergone a re-ablation (49% vs. 33%, p = 0.09, Chi-square test). There was a trend towards more ICD shocks in patients with previous anterior MI (46% vs. 34%). After adjusting for risk factors and ejection fraction, multivariable Cox regression analyses showed no significant difference in mortality (p = 0.78) and cardiovascular mortality between infarct localizations (p = 0.6). CONCLUSION Clinical characteristics of patients with anterior and inferior MI are similar except for ejection fraction. Patients with inferior MI appear to have better outcome regarding survival, ICD shocks and re-ablation, but this appears to be related to better ejection fraction when compared with anterior MI.