006), the type of work licence the participant held at the time of the questionnaire (p = 0.024), and the years of clinical experience of the participant (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION The study showed that the levels of knowledge in radiation protection are of a very good standard. However, work is needed to clarify the specifics of dose limits and the national radiation protection legislation with regards to informing patients about the possible effects of ionising radiation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The study results indicate the importance of educating radiographers about the requirements of national radiation protection legislation and how this new knowledge can be linked with practise. INTRODUCTION A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination is often described by patients as frightening and uncomfortable. To prepare patients for an MRI examination, this study explored the use of virtual reality (VR) simulation compared to a mock MRI scan (full-scale MRI machine replica, without internal magnets). METHODS Twenty participants underwent a VR and a mock MRI scan. Ratings of anxiety and how comfortable and relaxed the participants felt were recorded at five touchpoints during and after each simulation. Post-simulation questionnaires were used to gather responses on the experience and preferences. RESULTS No significant differences were found in participants' ratings of how anxious they felt during or between the two simulations (χ2 (9) = 27.269, p = .126), or how relaxed they felt (χ2 (9) = 14.664, p = .101). There were also no significant differences in the reported levels of comfort between the two types of simulation (χ2 (9) = 20.864, p = .013, post hoc tests for all VR versus mock scan rankings p > .05). There were no significant differences in how real the participants thought each simulation felt, or how anxious, relaxed, and comfortable they felt following each type of simulation (p > .05). Although 65% of participants thought the mock simulation felt more real than the VR, 86% found VR simulation to be a helpful way to prepare for a real MRI exam. CONCLUSION VR could be a feasible and accessible alternative to mock scanning. It has the potential to improve patient experiences of potentially stressful MRI examinations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE VR offers clinicians a new cost-effective tool to prepare patients for an MRI examination. VR technology could be used at home, as a training tool, to familiarise clinicians and clinical trainees with the MRI procedure and better understand patients' experiences. INTRODUCTION To evaluate the technical success, radiation dose, complications and costs from the introduction of a radiographer-led nephrostomy exchange service. METHODS Post-graduate qualified interventional radiographers with several years' experience in performing other interventional procedures began performing nephrostomy exchanges. Training was provided by an interventional radiologist. Each radiographer performed ten procedures under direct supervision followed by independent practice with remote supervision. Each radiographer was then responsible for the radiological report, discharge, re-referral for further exchange and, where indicated, sending urine samples for culture and sensitivity. Data extraction included the time interval between exchanges, radiation dose/screening time and complications. RESULTS Thirty-eight long-term nephrostomy patients had their histories interrogated back to the time of the initial insertion. The mean (range) age at nephrostomy insertion was 67 (35-93) years and 65% were male. Indications for nephrostomy were prostatic or gynaecological malignancy, ureteric injury, bulky lymphoma and post-transplant ureteric stricture. A total of 170 nephrostomy exchanges were performed with no statistically significant differences in the radiation dose, fluoroscopy time nor complication rates between consultants and radiographers. There was, however, a statistically significant reduction in the time interval between nephrostomy exchanges for the radiographer group (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Interventional radiographers can provide a safe, technically successful nephrostomy exchange program with radiation doses equivalent to radiologists. This is a cost-effective solution to the capacity issues faced in many departments, whilst providing career progression, job satisfaction and possibly improved care.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/otx015.html  IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Radiographer-led interventional services should be considered by other institutions as a means of providing effective nephrostomy exchanges. INTRODUCTION Qualitative research approaches have potential to provide unique and valuable insights intoperceptions, experiences and behaviours. Reports however indicate that papers often fail to sufficiently detail the underlying principles that explain the philosophical assumptions and ontological, epistemological and methodological perspectives. Primarily directed towards radiographers considering a qualitative approach for doctoral research, this paper will also be informative for other health and social care practitioners. METHOD Part 1 discusses research principles broadly and how philosophical assumptions can be used for selection of the approach and methodology to explore a particular topic. Part 2 provides a worked example applied in context for a qualitative approach utilising Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), that explored perceptions and experiences of lived experiences of radiographers on a journey to advanced practice in skeletal trauma reporting. RESULTS The paper identifies the need for understanding of the theory and application of research principles broadly. Explanation and justification of choice is expected for the selection of research approach, paradigm, philosophical underpinning, underlying assumptions and methodology, to best answer the research question and inform participant selection, data collection, data analysis and interpretation methods CONCLUSION Coherent research requires synthesis of ontology, epistemology and methodology with the choice of research design based on the most appropriate approach. Qualitative research has greatly enhanced its reputation for methodological rigour and the uptake of IPA is increasing within health and social care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Future research within the Interpretative paradigm, utilising IPA as a methodology has potential to expand the body of evidence for Radiography research.