We articulate confocal microscopy and electron spin resonance to implement spin-to-charge conversion in a small ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in bulk diamond and demonstrate charge conversion of neighboring defects conditional on the NV spin state.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zotatifin.html  We build on this observation to show time-resolved NV spin manipulation and ancilla-charge-aided NV spin state detection via integrated measurements. Our results hint at intriguing opportunities in the development of novel measurement strategies in fundamental science and quantum spintronics as well as in the search for enhanced forms of color-center-based metrology down to the limit of individual point defects.The surface magnetism of Fe(001) was studied in an atomic layer-by-layer fashion by using the in situ iron-57 probe layer method with a synchrotron Mössbauer source. The observed internal hyperfine field H_int exhibits a marked decrease at the surface and an oscillatory behavior with increasing depth in the individual upper four layers below the surface. The calculated layer-depth dependencies of the effective hyperfine field |H_eff|, isomer shift δ, and quadrupole shift 2ϵ agree well with the observed experimental parameters. These results provide the first experimental evidence for the magnetic Friedel oscillations, which penetrate several layers from the Fe(001) surface.Rapid progress in electrically controlled plasmonics in solids poses a question about possible effects of electronic reservoirs on the properties of plasmons. We find that plasmons in electronically open systems [i.e., in (semi)conductors connected to leads] are prone to an additional damping due to charge carrier penetration into contacts and subsequent thermalization. We develop a theory of such lead-induced damping based on the kinetic equation with microscopic boundary conditions at the interfaces, followed by perturbation theory with respect to transport nonlocality. The lifetime of the plasmon in an electronically open ballistic system appears to be finite, of the order of conductor length divided by carrier Fermi velocity. The reflection loss of the plasmon incident on the contact of the semiconductor and perfectly conducting metal also appears to be finite, of the order of Fermi velocity divided by wave phase velocity. Recent experiments on plasmon-assisted photodetection [Nat. Commun. 9, 5392 (2018)NCAOBW2041-172310.1038/s41467-018-07848-w] are discussed in light of the proposed lead-induced damping phenomenon.We investigate the azimuthal angular correlation between the lepton transverse momentum P_⊥ and the impact parameter b_⊥ in noncentral heavy-ion collisions, where the leptons are produced through two-photon scattering. Among the Fourier harmonic coefficients, a significant v_4 asymmetry is found for the typical kinematics at RHIC and LHC with a mild dependence on the P_⊥, whereas v_2 is power suppressed by the lepton mass over P_⊥. This unique prediction, if confirmed from the experiments, shall provide crucial information on the production mechanism for the dilepton in two-photon processes.Understanding surface mechanics of soft solids, such as soft polymeric gels, is crucial in many engineering processes, such as dynamic wetting and adhesive failure. In these situations, a combination of capillary and elastic forces drives the motion, which is balanced by dissipative mechanisms to determine the rate. While shear rheology (i.e., viscoelasticity) has long been assumed to dominate the dissipation, recent works have suggested that compressibility effects (i.e., poroelasticity) could play roles in swollen networks. We use fast interferometric imaging to quantify the relaxation of surface deformations due to a displaced contact line. By systematically measuring the profiles at different time and length scales, we experimentally observe a crossover from viscoelastic to poroelastic surface relaxations.When a macroscopic droplet spreads, a thin precursor film of liquid moves ahead of the advancing liquid-solid-vapor contact line. Whereas this phenomenon has been explored extensively for planar solid substrates, its presence in nanostructured geometries has barely been studied so far, despite its importance for many natural and technological fluid transport processes. Here we use porous photonic crystals in silicon to resolve by light interferometry capillarity-driven spreading of liquid fronts in pores of few nanometers in radius. Upon spatiotemporal rescaling the fluid profiles collapse on master curves indicating that all imbibition fronts follow a square-root-of-time broadening dynamics. For the simple liquid (glycerol) a sharp front with a widening typical of Lucas-Washburn capillary-rise dynamics in a medium with pore-size distribution occurs. By contrast, for a polymer (PDMS) a precursor film moving ahead of the main menisci entirely alters the nature of the nanoscale transport, in agreement with predictions of computer simulations.The Dicke model, which describes the coupling of an ensemble of spins to a harmonic oscillator, is known for its superradiant phase transition, which can both be observed in the ground state in a purely Hamiltonian setting, as well as in the steady state of an open-system Dicke model with dissipation. We demonstrate that, in addition, the dissipative Dicke model can undergo a second phase transition to a nonstationary phase, characterized by unlimited heating of the harmonic oscillator. Identifying the mechanism of the phase transition and deriving the scaling of the critical coupling with the system size we conclude that the novel phase transition can be understood as a cooperative breakdown of the oscillator blockade which otherwise prevents higher excitation of the system. We discuss an implementation with trapped ions and investigate the role of cooling, by which the breakdown can be suppressed.Measuring the cosmic ray flux over timescales comparable to the age of the Solar System, ∼4.5  Gyr, could provide a new window on the history of the Earth, the Solar System, and even our Galaxy. We present a technique to indirectly measure the rate of cosmic rays as a function of time using the imprints of atmospheric neutrinos in "paleo-detectors," natural minerals that record damage tracks from nuclear recoils. Minerals commonly found on Earth are ≲1  Gyr old, providing the ability to look back across cosmic ray history on timescales of the same order as the age of the Solar System. Given a collection of differently aged samples dated with reasonable accuracy, this technique is particularly well-suited to measuring historical changes in the cosmic ray flux at Earth and is broadly applicable in astrophysics and geophysics.