In both experiments, shorter time intervals to potential collisions resulted in faster reactions but did not influence the effect of warning direction.
 
  The collision-direction warnings were advantageous over the avoidance-direction warnings only when they occurred at the same lateral location as the pedestrian, indicating that this advantage was due to the capture of attention by the auditory warning signals.
 
  The present results indicate that drivers would benefit most when warnings occur at the side of potential collision objects rather than the direction of a desirable action during semi-autonomous driving.
 The present results indicate that drivers would benefit most when warnings occur at the side of potential collision objects rather than the direction of a desirable action during semi-autonomous driving.
  Damage control laparotomy (DCL) is a life-saving surgical technique, but the resultant open abdomen (OA) carries serious morbidity/mortality. Many methods are utilized to manage OAs, but discrepancy exists in distinguishing closure from coverage techniques. We observed a difference in our DCL patient outcomes managed with the Wittmann Patch (WP) closure device versus the more popular ABThera (AB) coverage device. We hypothesized that the WP contributed to an improved fascial closure rate of the OAs after DCL.
 
  A retrospective review of OAs managed with the AB or WP at our Level 1 trauma center was performed using billing codes to capture DCL patients from 2011 to 2019. Patients were divided into AB alone or WP groups. Major endpoints included primary fascial closure (PFC) and delayed fascial closure (DFC, fascial closure after greater than 7 days).
 
  189 patients were identified as AB and 38 as WP. Rates of death before closure, age, gender, and Injury Severity Score were similar in both groups. PFC = 81%-90% for AB versus WP, respectively. Excluding patients with preexisting hernias PFC = 87%-100% for AB versus WP (
  < .05) and DFC = 44%-100% for AB versus WP (
  ≤ 0.001). WP had a statistically higher rate of PFC and DFC. There was a decreased incidence of complications in the WP versus AB group.
 
  While not well reported in the peer-reviewed literature, the application of the WP for management of the OA is an active form of pursuing PFC when compared with the AB, a coverage device. Our interinstitutional results have demonstrated superior PFC and DFC rates and fewer complications, in patients managed with the WP compared with the AB.
 While not well reported in the peer-reviewed literature, the application of the WP for management of the OA is an active form of pursuing PFC when compared with the AB, a coverage device.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html  Our interinstitutional results have demonstrated superior PFC and DFC rates and fewer complications, in patients managed with the WP compared with the AB.
  Recent data on opioid consumption indicate that patients typically require far less than is prescribed. Prisma Health Upstate Hernia Center adopted standardized postoperative prescribing after hernia repair and began tracking patient-reported opioid utilization. The aim of this study is to evaluate patient opioid use after hernia repair in order to guide future prescribing.
 
  All patients who underwent primary ventral (umbilical and epigastric), incisional, and inguinal hernia repair between February and May 2019 were reviewed. Patients reported the number of opioid pills taken at their first postoperative visit and documented either in the progress note or in the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative (AHSQC) patient-reported outcomes (PRO) questionnaire. All demographic, operative, and outcomes data were captured prospectively in the AHSQC. Opioid use reported as milligram morphine equivalents (MME).
 
  A total of 162 surgeries were performed during the study period, and 107 had patient-reported opioid use for analysis. Inguinal hernia repair was performed in 36 patients, 10 primary ventral hernia repairs, and 61 incisional hernia repairs. No opioid use was reported in 63.9% of inguinal hernias, 60% of primary ventral hernias, and 20% of incisional hernias. Inguinal hernia patients consumed a mean of 10.5 MME, primary ventral patients 11 MME, and incisional hernia patients 78.5 MME.
 
  Patients require little to no opioid after primary ventral or inguinal hernia repair and opioid-free surgery is feasible. Incisional hernia is more heterogenous, but the majority of patients still required less opioid than previously thought.
 Patients require little to no opioid after primary ventral or inguinal hernia repair and opioid-free surgery is feasible. Incisional hernia is more heterogenous, but the majority of patients still required less opioid than previously thought.Drug-induced optic neuropathy is a group of disorders in which medications cause degeneration of the optic nerve. The true prevalence of drug-induced neuropathy has not been studied, although the percentage of patients who develop optic nerve damage is known for individual medications. The common pathophysiological mechanisms are believed to be mitochondrial damage and imbalance of intracellular and extracellular free radical homeostasis. Typical symptoms of drug-induced neuropathy are reduced visual acuity in the central area, which is often bilateral, visual field disturbances, dyschromatopsia, and edema of the optic nerve head. Early detection of drug-induced optic neuropathy can potentially prevent or minimize serious complications. For patients who develop drug-induced optic neuropathy, treatment is based on timely diagnosis and cancellation of the provoking drug. In most patients, vision usually recovers a few weeks or months after discontinuation of previous therapy, but there have been cases of irreversible vision loss. In addition to withdrawal of the drug that caused optic nerve lesion, treatment of drug-induced neuropathy may include use of drugs and treatment methods prescribed by neurologists for peripheral neuropathy, however, such treatment is seldom based on evidence.Muller's muscle of the upper eyelid (MM) remains a poorly understood anatomical structure, so its role in the emergence of upper eyelid ptosis provokes certain interest. This literature review examines the gradual rise of attention devoted to MM and describes existing methods of its surgical treatment. Despite progress in ptosis surgery, much remains unsolved. Taking into account the available literature data, it is necessary to further advance histological studying of MM, which will help develop pathogenetically founded surgical treatment of acquired upper eyelid ptosis.