xible across taxa and riverine networks, is easily executable, and provides intuitive results that can be used to investigate the likely outcomes of current and future management scenarios. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.While more and more studies are exploring the application of remote sensing in assessing biodiversity for different ecosystems, most consider biodiversity at one point in time. Using several remote sensing-based metrics, we asked how well remote sensing can detect biodiversity (both α- and β-diversity) in a prairie grassland across time using airborne hyperspectral data collected in two successive years (2017 and 2018) and at different periods in the growing season (2018). The ability to detect biodiversity using 'spectral diversity' and 'spectral species types' indeed varied significantly over a two-year timespan.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bb-94.html  Towards the end of the growing season in 2018, the relationship between field- and remote sensing-based α- and β-diversity weakened compared to data collected from the same season in the previous year. This contrasting pattern between the two years was likely influenced by prescribed fire, altered weather, and the resulting shifting species composition and phenology. These findings indicate that direct detection of α- and β-diversity in grasslands should be multi-temporal when possible and should consider the effect of disturbances, climate variables, and phenology. We demonstrate an essential role for airborne platforms in developing a global biodiversity monitoring system involving forthcoming spaceborne hyperspectral sensors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Domesticated plants have been transported around the globe through their association with humans and have undergone changes in response to their new environments. In many regions, farmers and, later, plant breeders have developed local landraces to deal with the new conditions or to satisfy the culinary needs of consumers, showing the versatility of these plants and the ingenuity of plant breeders, both ancient and modern. However, in some cases, plants leave behind their human association and become feral in either the crop fields or natural landscape of the new region. The evolution of ferality has been studied in some crop systems, with many advances made in our understanding of annual crop ferality (e.g., Burger et al., 2006; Hedge et al., 2006). In contrast, very little is known about the genetics of feral perennial crops, and the study by Cronin, Kron, and Husband (2020) in this issue of Molecular Ecology sheds new light on this type of evolution, revealing the remarkable ability of domesticated apple (Malus domestica) to thrive and reproduce in North America without genetic input from local species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Visible-light-photocatalyzed methods employed in synthetic transformations present attractive properties such as environmentally friendly, safety, availability and excellent functional group tolerance. In this venue, research on the visible-light photocatalytic incorporation of the trifluoromethyl CF 3 moiety into organic substrates, in particular, has contributed to a clear evolution of the very field of photocatalysis. Although this particular area is constantly evolving and reviewed, the last five years have experienced an outburst of seminal and significant photocatalytic trifluoromethylation examples that are leading the way and opening new synthetic avenues. Recent review articles on Ru- and Ir- based photocatalytic trifluoromethylation reactions have borne witness of this evolution. Although this account will show the new Ru- and Ir-based photocatalytic trifluoromethylations, Sections 2 and 3 will also illustrate  other photocatalytic systems, such as organic dyes, organic semiconductors and newly-developed all-organic photocatalysts. All the known and reviewed strategies for photocatalytic trifluoromethylation reactions of olefins and (hetero)aromatic compounds will not be discussed but will be summarized in two Figures (Figures 4 and 5), and new examples (2015-present) will be presented and discussed. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has created significant challenges to the delivery of care for patients with advanced head and neck cancer requiring multimodality therapy. Performing major head and neck ablative surgery and reconstruction is a particular concern given the extended duration and aerosolizing nature of these cases. In this manuscript, we describe our surgical approach to provide timely reconstructive care and minimize infectious risk to the providers, patients, and families. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Porphyrins with a fused five-membered ring such as 7,8-dehydropurpurins have appeared as an emerging class of unique porphyrinoids. Their altered absorption spectra, relatively short lifetimes of excited states, and small HOMO-LUMO gaps arise from the harmony of antiaromatic 20π-circuit and aromatic 18π-circuit. In this regard, the electronic properties of 7,8-dehydropurpurins are expected to be controlled by modulating the contribution of antiaromatic π-circuit to the whole aromaticity. Here we report the comparison of pyrrole- and phosphole-fused 7,8-dehydropurpurins in terms of their aromaticity and physicochemical properties. The spectroscopic investigation revealed the larger contribution of antiaromatic 24π-circuit in pyrrole-fused 7,8-dehyrdopurpurins than phosphole-fused 7,8-dehydropurpurins. The DFT calculations also supported the feasibility of tuning the aromaticity of 7,8-dehydropurpurins by heterole-fused structures. Thus, the introduction of heterole-fused structures into porphyrinoids is a universal strategy to get new insight into aromaticity and their intrinsic properties in cyclic π-conjugated molecules. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Tissue succulence (ratio of tissue water/leaf area or dry mass) or the ability to store water within living tissues is among the most successful adaptations to drought in the plant kingdom. This taxonomically widespread adaptation helps plants avoid the damaging effects of drought and is often associated with the occupancy of epiphytic, epilithic, semi-arid, and arid environments. Tissue succulence was engineered in Arabidopsis thaliana by overexpression of a codon-optimized helix-loop-helix transcription factor (VvCEB1opt ) from wine grape involved in the cell expansion phase of berry development. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines displayed significant increases in cell size, succulence, and decreased intercellular air space (IAS). VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines showed increased instantaneous and integrated water-use efficiency due to reduced stomatal conductance caused by reduced stomatal aperture and density resulting in increased attenuation of water-deficit stress. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines also showed increased salinity tolerance due to reduced salinity uptake and dilution of internal Na+ and Cl- as well as other ions.