Photosynthesis is an important biochemical reaction that forms the basis of all food chains. Its efficiency is considered a key determinant of crop productivity. Therefore, improving photosynthetic efficiency has been a focus of intensive research. Here, we highlight simple approaches, recently reported by Chen et al. and Degen et al., to increase photosynthetic efficiency in field crops.The aim of this study was to identify the unknown transport mechanism of the extensively used monocarboxylate methionine feed supplement DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (DL-MHA) in rainbow trout intestine. Transport across the pyloric caeca (PC), midgut (MG), and hindgut (HG) regions were kinetically studied in Na+- and H+-dependent manners. Gene expression of monocarboxylate (MCTs) and sodium monocarboxylate transporters (SMCTs) were assessed. Results demonstrated that DL-MHA transport from 0.2-20 mM was Na+-dependent and obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with low affinity in PC & MG in apical/basal pH of 7.7/7.7. Changes in apical/basal pH (6.0/6.0, 6.0/7.7, and 7.7/8.7) had insignificant effects on kinetics. In contrast, HG flux kinetics were only obtained in pH 7.7/8.7 or in the presence of lactate with medium affinity. Additionally, DL-MHA transport from 0-150 μM demonstrated the presence of a Na+-dependent high-affinity transporter in PC & MG. Conclusively, two distinct carrier-mediated DL-MHA transport mechanisms along the trout gut were found 1) in PC & MG apical transport was regulated by Na+-requiring systems that possibly contained low- and high-affinity transporters, and basolateral transport was primarily achieved through a H+-independent transporter; 2) in HG uptake was apically mediated by a Na+-dependent transporter with medium affinity, and basolateral exit was largely controlled by an H+-dependent transporter. Finally, two major methionine feed supplements, DL-MHA and DL-methionine (DL-Met) were compared to understand the differences in their bioefficacy. Flux rates of DL-MHA were only about 42.2-66.0% in PC and MG compared to DL-Met, suggesting intestinal transport of DL-MHA was lower than DL-Met.In insects, chilling, anoxia, and dehydration are cues to trigger rapid physiological responses enhancing stress tolerance within minutes. Recent evidence suggests that responses elicited by different cues are mechanistically distinct from each other, though these differences have received little attention. Further, the effects are not well studied in neural tissue. In this study, we examined how brief exposure to desiccation and chilling affect ion homeostatic mechanisms in metathoracic ganglion of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Both desiccation and chilling enhanced resistance to anoxia, though only chilling hastened recovery from anoxic coma. Similarly, only chilling enhanced resistance to pharmacological perturbation of neuronal ion homeostasis. Our results indicate that chilling and desiccation trigger mechanistically distinct responses and, while both may be important for neuronal ion homeostasis, chilling has a larger effect on this tissue. SUMMARY STATEMENT This is one of few studies to demonstrate the importance of the central nervous system in rapid acclimatory responses in insects.
  Four-component meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine is licensed in many countries but has had limited use in adolescents despite this age group being at increased risk of meningococcal disease.
 
  To assess the safety profile of two doses of 4CMenB in adolescents.
 
  Cluster randomised controlled trial of senior school students in South Australia (SA) with participating schools randomised to intervention (4CMenB) or control. Vaccine safety was monitored using the South Australian Vaccine Safety Surveillance System (SAVSS), a spontaneous reporting system for adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) with enhanced follow-up of AEFI.
 
  58,637 doses of 4CMenB vaccine were administered to 30,522 students (median age 16years) during 2017-2018. Of 18,348 and 12,174 students vaccinated in 2017 and 2018, 97.3% and 84.3%, respectively, received both scheduled doses (N=28,115).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html  193 AEFI in 187 students were reported with a reporting rate of 0.32% (95%CI 0.28-0.39%). Seventy individuals sought medical review, including nine serious adverse events. 98% (166/169) of those who were contactable for AEFI follow-up (87.6% 169/193) reported resolution of the event. Most common AEFI were injection site reaction (126/193), headache (99/193) and nausea (61/193). AEFI were more frequently reported in females (aOR=1.409 (95%CI 1.002, 1.980)), schools with high level of educational advantage (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR)=1.515 (95%CI 1.005, 2.284)), following first dose (aOR=1.619 (95%CI 1.168, 2.244)), and in 2017 (aOR=1.437 (95%CI 1.001, 2.064)). Reported AEFI declined with increasing age (aOR=0.771 (95%CI 0.673, 0.883)).
 
  In this largest post-licensure use of 4CMenB in adolescents, the low AEFI reporting rate provides real-world evidence of 4CMenB safety in this age group. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03089086).
 In this largest post-licensure use of 4CMenB in adolescents, the low AEFI reporting rate provides real-world evidence of 4CMenB safety in this age group. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03089086).
  The Department of Defense encourages service members≤26years of age to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Although this vaccine is not recommended in pregnancy, inadvertent vaccination may occur. The objective of this study was to assess whether active duty US military women who received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) during pregnancy were at increased risk for adverse maternal or infant outcomes.
 
  The study population included active duty US military women aged 17-28years with at least one pregnancy between 2007 and 2014, and the infants resulting from those pregnancies. Pregnancies, live births, and outcomes were identified using medical codes in administrative medical records. Exposure to 4vHPV during pregnancy was ascertained from personnel immunization records. Multivariable regression models were used to calculate risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the maternal outcomes of spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia/eclampsia and preterm labor, and the infant outcomes of preterm birth, birth defects, growth problems in infancy or in utero, and infant sex.