Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) have long been considered to be congenital, developing between the third and eighth weeks of embryogenesis. However, cases reporting their de novo formation suggest that these lesions can develop after birth and have challenged this concept. We present a case of a 6-year-old boy with a history of a brainstem cavernous malformation diagnosed after birth who later developed a de novo bAVM. The de novo occurrence of this bAVM distant to the site of the cavernous malformation and a prior negative catheter angiography contributes to the uncertainty of the dynamics and pathophysiology of bAVMs. INTRODUCTION Hyposmia is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been used to assist PD diagnosis and early screening of prodromal patients. Although the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) is the most commonly used olfactory test, its utility was limited by the culture difference in recognition of the smells included in the test. We have developed a new modified B-SIT test for Chinese (B-SITC), and validated and compare it with B-SIT in Chinese PD patients. METHODS From 2015 to 2018, PD patients were recruited from the Movement Disorder Clinic of Xuanwu Hospital and healthy controls were recruited from the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging Cohort II. The two olfactory tests were used in healthy volunteers and PD patients. RESULTS A total of 428 subjects participated in the study 211 healthy controls and 217 PD patients. The average B-SIT and B-SITC scores were significantly different between control and PD groups (B-SIT, 9.18 ± 1.94 vs. 6.90 ± 2.44, P = 0.0001; B-SITC, 8.60 ± 1.93 vs. 5.91 ± 2.21, P = 0.0001). The B-SITC had good sensitivity (73.1%), specificity (76.8%), positive predictive value (76.8%), and negative predictive value (73.1%) for the diagnosis of Chinese PD, and the area under the curve (AUC) value was greater for the B-SITC than for the B-SIT (0.838 vs. 0.761). CONCLUSIONS The B-SITC is useful for the clinical assessment of olfactory function in Chinese PD patients. Raised white cell count (WCC) in lumbar CSF is a commonly used marker of meningitis. The effect of cranial neurosurgery per se on lumbar WCC is not established. At this single centre, many patients undergo ICPM followed by lumboperitoneal shunt (LPS), with lumbar CSF WCC samples taken during insertion. We aimed to determine the effect of ICP bolt insertion on lumbar CSF WCC. We undertook a retrospective analysis of lumbar CSF samples in patients who had recently undergone 24-h ICPM. Thirty-three patients (16F7M) aged 43.31 ± 12.1 years (mean ± SD) had lumbar CSF samples after ICPM. Fourteen had CSF sampled within 6 weeks and 19 after 6 weeks of ICPM. Twenty-five samples were taken during LPS insertion, 5 during lumbar drainage/puncture and 3 during LPS revision. All 33 patients were afebrile at the point of CSF sampling. The mean lumbar WCC within 6 weeks of ICPM was significantly higher than the mean lumbar WCC after 6 weeks, being 15.4 ± 18.0 and 2.32 ± 1.79 cells/microlitre respectively respectively. There was no significant increase in RBC. In patients with raised CSF WCC, 60% of raised WCC were predominantly lymphoctyes and 40% predominantly neutrophils. Only one patient grew an organism (S. aureus). We conclude that lumbar CSF WCC can be raised following minor intracranial surgery, despite no clinical sign of infection. We caution against using lumbar CSF WCC values independently as the only marker of infection following neurosurgery. Cortical Bone Trajectory screws allow a limited soft tissue dissection with mechanical properties comparable to traditional pedicle screws. However, clinical results are still reported on limited samples. The study aimed to evaluate perioperative and mid-term follow up outcomes, clinical results and complications in 238 consecutive patients underwent CBT fusion for degenerative lumbosacral disease. Pre- and intraoperative data, clinical outcomes and complications were collected. The patients were stratified in three groups. The original technique was performed in the first 43 cases without a preoperative CT scan planning. The second group includes the patients who underwent preoperative CT scan for entry point and screw trajectory planning (158 patients).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rin1.html  Surgical procedures in the last group were performed with patient-matched 3D printed guide (37 patients). The accuracy in screws positioning was evaluated on postoperative CT scan. The mean follow-up was 32.3 months. Mean ODI and VAS index improved with statistical significance. Mean procedural time was 187, 142 and 124 min in the three subgroups. The total amount of recorded complications was 4.2% (16.3%, 3.8% and 0.0% respectively). Screws entirely within the cortex of the pedicle were 78.9%, 90.5% and 93.9% in the three groups. Fusion was obtained in 92.4% of cases. The CBT technique is a safe procedure, especially with an accurate preoperative CT scan-based planning. This seems more evident with the 3D template patient-matched guide. More studies are needed to directly compare traditional pedicle screws and CBT screws on long-term outcomes. The aim of the current study was to assess the risk factors, clinical symptoms and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) with emphasis on determining the risk factors which involved in poor response to treatment. We retrospectively included 202 patients who were diagnosed with IIH. Disease severity was classified according to prescribed therapeutic option into 4 groups acetazolamide (group 1), Acetazolamide plus topiramate or Lasix (group 2), repeated LP (group 3) and surgical intervention (group 4). Being in the higher group was considered as a higher severity of disease and poor response to treatment. Among the evaluated features of IIH, the strongest association were observed between opening CSF pressure and disease severity. So that, the highest CSF pressure was observed in patients who underwent surgery, which represent the highest severity of disease (group 4) and poor response to therapy (mean ± SD 43.9 ± 21.1 cm H2O). Headache was the most prevalent symptom of IIH in our series which was significantly higher among acetazolamide group.