Are the brain mechanisms of reading acquisition similar across writing systems? And do similar brain anomalies underlie reading difficulties in alphabetic and ideographic reading systems? In a cross-cultural paradigm, we measured the fMRI responses to words, faces, and houses in 96 Chinese and French 10-year-old children, half of whom were struggling with reading. We observed a reading circuit which was strikingly similar across languages and consisting of the left fusiform gyrus, superior temporal gyrus/sulcus, precentral and middle frontal gyri. Activations in some of these areas were modulated either by language or by reading ability, but without interaction between those factors. In various regions previously associated with dyslexia, reading difficulty affected activation similarly in Chinese and French readers, including the middle frontal gyrus, a region previously described as specifically altered in Chinese. Our analyses reveal a large degree of cross-cultural invariance in the neural correlates of reading acquisition and reading impairment.
  To assess the use of a novel magnetic polymer implant in reversing airway collapse and identify potential anatomical targets for airway implant surgery in an in vivo porcine model.
 
  Target sites of airway collapse were genioglossus muscle, hyoid bone, and middle constrictor muscle. Magnetic polymer implants were sutured to these sites, and external magnetic forces, through magnets with pull forces rated at 102 kg and 294 kg, were applied at the skin. The resultant airway movement was assessed via nasendoscopy. Pharyngeal plexus branches to the middle constrictor muscle were stimulated at 0.5 mA, 1.0 mA, and 2.0 mA and airway movement assessed via nasendoscopy.
 
  At the genioglossus muscles, large magnetic forces were required to produce airway movement. At the hyoid bone, anterior movement of the airway was noted when using a 294 kg rated magnet. At the middle constrictor muscle, an anterolateral (or rotatory) pattern of airway movement was noted when using the same magnet. Stimulation of pharyngeal plexus branches to the middle constrictor revealed contraction and increasing rigidity of the lateral walls of the airway as stimulation amplitude increased. The resultant effect was prevention of collapse as opposed to typical airway dilation, a previously unidentified pattern of airway movement.
 
  Surgically implanted smart polymers are an emerging technology showing promise in the treatment of airway collapse in obstructive sleep apnea. Future research should investigate their biomechanical role as an adjunct to treatment of airway collapse through nerve stimulation.
 Surgically implanted smart polymers are an emerging technology showing promise in the treatment of airway collapse in obstructive sleep apnea. Future research should investigate their biomechanical role as an adjunct to treatment of airway collapse through nerve stimulation.
  The effects of serotonergic agents on respiration neuromodulation may vary according to differences in the serotonin system, such as those linked to depression.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Clopidogrel-bisulfate.html  This study investigated how sleep-related respiratory disturbances relate to depression and the use of medications commonly prescribed for depression.
 
  Retrospective polysomnography was collated for all 363 individuals who met selection criteria out of 2,528 consecutive individuals referred to a specialized sleep clinic (Ottawa, Canada) between 2006 and 2016. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen saturation nadir, and oxygen desaturation index during REM and NREM sleep were analyzed using mixed analyses of covariance comparing 3 main groups (1) medicated individuals with depressive disorders (antidepressant group; subdivided into the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor subgroups), (2) non-medicated individuals with depressive disorders (non-medicated group), and (3) mentally healthy control patients.
 These findings suggest that the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be associated with impaired breathing and worse nocturnal oxygen saturation in individuals with depressive disorders and sleep complaints, but this needs to be confirmed by prospective studies.
  Patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA) report increased severity of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms compared to patients with either insomnia or sleep apnea alone. Although cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi) is an effective treatment for COMISA, previous research suggests a reduced response to CBTi by patients with insomnia and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Therefore, we used randomized controlled trial data to investigate the impact of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms before treatment on changes in insomnia after CBTi vs control in patients with COMISA.
 
  145 patients with COMISA (insomnia as defined by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition and apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 events/h) were randomized to CBTi (n = 72) or no-treatment control (n = 73). One-week sleep diaries and standardized questionnaire measures of insomnia, sleepiness, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and stress were completed pretreatment and posttreatment.ove subsequent management of their obstructive sleep apnea.
 
  Registry Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; Name Treating comorbid insomnia with obstructive sleep apnea (COMISA) study A new treatment strategy for patients with combined insomnia and sleep apnea; URL https//www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365184; Identifier ACTRN12613001178730.
 Registry Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; Name Treating comorbid insomnia with obstructive sleep apnea (COMISA) study A new treatment strategy for patients with combined insomnia and sleep apnea; URL https//www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365184; Identifier ACTRN12613001178730.
  Chromosome abnormalities contribute to about 10% of cases of premature ovarian insufficiency. Most are associated with X chromosome. Fragile mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene premutation has an estimated prevalence of 1% - 7% in sporadic cases and up to 13% in familial cases. Our aim was to describe the clinical characteristics, cytogenetic and FMR1 testing of a Portuguese population with premature ovarian insufficiency.
 
  Women diagnosed with premature ovarian insufficiency in a Portuguese tertiary centre were retrospectivelyanalysed. Data were retrieved from electronic medical records including clinical characteristics, cytogenetic and FMR1 testing. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of chromosome abnormalities and FMR1 premutation in a Portuguese population withpremature ovarian insufficiency.
 
  Ninety-four patients were included, with a median age at menopause of 36 years. The prevalence of chromosome abnormalities was 16.5% (14/85) and most were X chromosome related (78.6%). The prevalence of FMR1 premutation was 6.