https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ha15.html 036), and poorly differentiated histology (p = 0.025). No differences were observed in the pT, pN, and pTNM status according to the PD-L1 scores. Both scores were associated with Epstein-Barr virus positivity, microsatellite instability and p53-normal expression. The disease-free survival (DFS) was worse for CPS-negative compared to CPS-positive group (p = 0.052). No difference was observed between TPS-positive and negative groups (p = 0.436). Total gastrectomy, advanced pT status, and CPS-negative were independent factor for worse survival in GC. CPS was an independent prognostic factor for survival and could be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with resectable GC.Harm reduction has been advocated to address a diverse range of public health concerns. The moral justification of harm reduction is usually presumed to be consequentialist because the goal of harm reduction is to reduce the harmful health consequences of risky behaviors, such as substance use. Harm reduction is contrasted with an abstinence model whose goal is to eradicate or reduce the prevalence of such behaviors. The abstinence model is often thought to be justified by 'deontological' considerations it is claimed that many risky behaviors are morally unacceptable, and therefore that we have a moral obligation to recommend abstinence. Because harm reduction is associated with a consequentialist justification and the abstinence model is associated with a deontological justification, the potential for a deontological justification of harm reduction has been overlooked. This paper addresses this gap. It argues that the moral duty to protect autonomy and dignity that has been advocated in other areas of medical ethics also justifies the public health policy of harm reduction. It offers two examples-the provision of supervised injection sites and the Housing First policy to address homelessness-to illustrate the argument.Computational modelling is an i