68), and Fo had the weakest correlation. Among the light-adapted ChlF parameters, Y(II) had the strongest correlation to the new vegetation index D676/R571 (validation dataset R2 = 0.63); this index also had good predictive power for Fm' (validation dataset R2 = 0.52) but low predictive power for Fo'. All the calculated vegetation indices had weak relationships with NPQ. In addition, this study also verified the predictive abilities of vegetation indices developed in previous studies. This study can provide a technical basis for the nondestructive monitoring of the physiological and biochemical parameters of grape leaves with hyperspectral imaging systems.Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are both essential macronutrients for maintaining plant growth and development. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), OsPHR3 is one of the four paralogs of PHR1, which acts as a central regulator of phosphate (Pi) homeostasis, as well being involved in N homeostasis. However, the functions of OsPHR3 in N utilization under different Pi conditions have yet to be fully studied. In this study, we aimed to dissect the effect of OsPHR3-overexpression on N utilization under Pi deficient regimes. Biochemical, molecular and physiological assays were performed to determine the N-influx, translocation, and accumulation in OsPHR3-overexpressing rice lines, grown under Pi-sufficient and -deficient conditions, in both hydroponic and soil systems. Furthermore, important agronomic traits of these plants were also evaluated. The overexpression of OsPHR3 increased N uptake under Pi stress regimes. Increased N uptake also elevated total N concentrations in these plants by inducing N transporter genes expression. Furthermore, overexpression of OsPHR3 increased N use efficiency, 1000-grain weight and grain yield under different Pi conditions. We established new findings that OsPHR3-overexpression facilitates N utilization under Pi deficient conditions. This will help achieving higher yields by coordinating the utilization of N and P.Terpenoids are important secondary metabolites in plants and are involved in stress responses and pollinator attraction. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) is a key synthase in the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of terpenoid synthesis, catalyzing the synthesis of diterpenoids. Liriodendron tulipifera is a nectar plant in North America. Little is known about the key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids, the precursors of most compounds related to nectar, fragrance and coloring in flowers in L. tulipifera. In this study, the LtuGGPPS2 gene and its promoter (LtuGGPPS2-pro) were cloned from L. tulipifera. The results of sequence alignment showed that the LtuGGPPS2 gene is highly homologous to GGPPS genes of other plants. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the LtuGGPPS2 protein localizes to chloroplasts, suggesting that the LtuGGPPS2 gene is probably related to carotenoid and chlorophyll synthesis. Based on tissue expression profiles revealed by RT-qPCR, the expression level of the LtuGGPPS2 gene was highest in petals.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-839.html  These results were consistent with the changes in volatile and nonvolatile terpenoids in the flowers of L. tulipifera. GUS staining to examine the LtuGGPPS2 promoter indicated that it is responsive to hormones. Overexpression of the LtuGGPPS2 gene increased the carotenoid content and GGPPS enzyme activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating that LtuGGPPS2 is the key terpenoid synthase in the flowers of L. tulipifera. Our findings lay a foundation for further functional analysis of the LtuGGPPS2 gene and deeper investigation of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in L. tulipifera.Fatty acids play many roles in plants, but the function of some key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in plant development are not yet properly understood. Here, we clone two β-ketoacyl-[ACP] reductase (KAR) genes from sunflower, HaKAR1 and HaKAR2, and characterize their functional roles. The enzymes cloned were the only two copies present in the sunflower genome. Both displayed a high degree of similarity, but their promoters infer different regulation. The two sunflower KAR genes were constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, being maximum in developing cotyledons at the start of oil synthesis. Over-expression of HaKAR1 in E. coli changed the fatty acid composition by promoting the elongation of C160 to C180 fatty acids. The enzymatic characterization of HaKAR1 revealed similar kinetic parameters to homologues from other oil accumulating species. The results point to a partially functional redundancy between HaKAR1 and HaKAR2. This study clearly revealed that these genes play a prominent role in de novo fatty acids synthesis in sunflower seeds.One crucial aspect for successful foliar application is the uptake of the nutrient into the symplast for metabolization by the plant. Our aim was to determine the subcellular distribution of foliar-applied P in leaves, the translocation of this element within the whole plant, and its impact on the ion status of P-deficient maize plants within the first 48 h of treatment. Maize plants with P deficiency were sprayed with 200 mM KH2PO4. After 6, 24, and 48 h, the 5th leaf of each plant was harvested for the isolation of apoplastic washing fluid, cell sap, and vascular bundle sap and for the examination of transporter gene expression. The remaining tissues were divided into 4th leaf, older and younger shoots, and root for total P determination. No accumulation of foliar-applied P was measured in the apoplast. P was mostly taken up into the cytosol within the first 6 h and was associated with increased mRNA levels of PHT1 transporters. A strong tendency towards rapid translocation into the younger shoot and an increase in NO3- uptake or a decrease in organic acid translocation were observed. The apoplast seems to exert no effect on the uptake of foliar-applied P into the epidermal and mesophyll cells of intact leaves. Instead, the plant responds with the rapid translocation of P and changes in ion status to generate further growth. The effect of the absorbed foliar-applied P is assumed to be a rapid process with no transient storage in the leaf apoplast.