https://www.selleckchem.com/products/thal-sns-032.html BACKGROUND Post-apartheid, understanding and management of intellectual disability remain poor in South Africa, complicated by various contextual and cultural explanations used to describe and conceptualize this condition. METHOD We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with primary caregivers and parents of children with intellectual disability residing in Khayelitsha, a low-income setting in Cape Town, South Africa. We used Kleinman's Explanatory Models (EMs) of illness to explore terms used to describe and conceptualize this condition. RESULTS Carers' explanatory models included biomedical causes, injuries during pregnancy or birth, as well as spiritual causes. It was reported that there were significant difficulties in accessing services and support, and difficulties with coping in the context of extreme poverty and deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Current findings highlight a need for collaboration between the biomedical and alternative healthcare systems in educating carers and parents regarding intellectual disability. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.OBJECTIVES To investigate whether serial prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may guide the utility of repeat targeted (TBx) and systematic biopsy (SBx) when monitoring men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) at one-year in active surveillance (AS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively included 111 consecutive men with low-risk (ISUP grade 1) PCa, who received protocolled repeat MRI with or without TBx and repeat SBx at one-year AS. TBx was performed in PI-RADS score ≥3 lesions (MRI-positive men). Upgrading defined as ISUP grade ≥2 PCa (I), grade ≥2 with cribriform growth/intraductal carcinoma PCa (II), and grade ≥3 PCa (III) was investigated. Upgrading detected by TBx only (not by SBx) and SBx only (not by TBx) was investigated in MRI-positive and MRI-negative men, and related to radiological progression on MRI (PRECISE score). RESULTS Overall upgrading (I)