Mechanistically, metformin increased the goblet cell differentiation markers by suppressing Wnt signaling. Our results suggest that metformin can be used as a regimen to prevent and treat aging-related leaky gut and inflammation, especially in obese individuals and people with western-style high-fat dietary lifestyle, by beneficially modulating gut microbiome/goblet cell/mucin biology. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Masitinib-(AB1010).html  All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Here we have summarized what is currently know about menstruating animal species with special emphasis on non-primate species length of their menstrual cycle, ovulation, implantation, placentation, decidualization, and endometrial characteristics. Having an overview of all the possible animal models that can be used to study menstruation and the menstrual cycle could be useful to select the one that better matches the needs of the individual research projects. The most promising species to study menstruation seems to be the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus. It is a rodent that could be easily held in the existing laboratory facilities for rats and mice but with the great advantage of having spontaneous menstruation and several human-like menstrual cycle characteristics. Among the species of menstruating bats, the Black Mastiff Bat Molossus ater and Wild fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaulti are the ones presenting the most human-like characteristics. The elephant shrew seems to be the less suitable species among the ones analyzed. The induced mouse model of menstruation is also presented as an adaptable alternative to study menstruation. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for the Study of Reproduction.A newly and rapid supercritical fluid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of 11 active compounds in Radix Hedysari samples has been developed and validated. Optimum separation was achieved on a HSS SB C18 column with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, back pressure of 11.03 Mpa and diode array detector at 260 nm. The results from the quantitative data showed that contents of these 11 active compounds were different from plant regions. Especially the contents of formononetin in the Minxian county are ~6-fold than in wild Radix Hedysari. The chromatographic fingerprint of Radix Hedysari was recorded under the same chromatographic condition. Data analytic procedure was performed to differentiate the 25 batches of Radix Hedysari samples. Data from chromatographic fingerprint were also analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results showed that 23 batches of Radix Hedysari samples had a high similarity (> 0.90) and overall 25 batches of sample were divided into two clusters. Moreover, according to the comparison contents of active compounds in each Radix Hedysari samples, the cultivated location of Radix Hedysari was successfully distinguished. This method presented good stability, repeatability and precision and would be a useful and reliable approach for the quality control of Radix Hedysari. Moreover, all target compounds were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common airway disease characterized by an exaggerated pulmonary inflammatory response. Long noncoding MIR155 host gene (lncRNA MIR155HG) has been identified to be related to the macrophage polarization in COPD. However, the detailed function of MIR155HG in cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated COPD remains largely unknown. The expression level of MIR155HG was elevated while miR-218-5p was decreased in lung tissues of smokers without or with COPD, especially in smokers with COPD, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMECs) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Then, functional experiments showed that MIR155HG deletion could reverse CSE exposure-induced apoptosis and inflammation in HPMECs. MiR-218-5p was confirmed to be a target of MIR155HG and rescue assay showed miR-218-5p inhibitor attenuated the inhibitory action of MIR155HG knockdown on CSE-induced HPMECs. Subsequently, miR-218-5p was found to target bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) directly, and miR-218-5p overexpression overturned CSE-induced injury of HPMECs via regulating BRD4. Additionally, co-expression analysis indicated MIR155HG indirectly regulated BRD4 expression in HPMECs via miR-218-5p. Thus, we concluded that MIR155HG contributed to the apoptosis and inflammation of HPMECs in smoke-related COPD by regulating miR-128-5p/BRD4 axis, providing a novel insight on the pathogenesis of COPD and a therapeutic strategy on COPD treatments. © 2020 The Author(s).BACKGROUND Clinicians cannot reliably predict complications of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO). METHODS Consecutive cases of AHO from two pediatric centers in the United States were analyzed retrospectively to develop clinical tools from data obtained within 96 hours of hospitalization to predict acute and chronic complications of AHO. Two novel composite prediction scores derived from multivariable logistic regression modeling were compared with a previously published Severity of Illness (SOI) score, CRP, and ESR using area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS The causative organisms were identified in 73% of 261 cases. Bacteremia (45%), abscesses (38%), and associated suppurative arthritis (23%) were relatively common. Acute or chronic complications occurred in 24% and 11% of patients, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression identified bone abscess (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.2), fever >48 hours (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.0), suppurative arthritis (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.5), disseminated disease (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.5-14.3), and delayed source control (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4-19.0) as strong predictors of acute complications. In a separate model, CRP ≥100 mg/L at 2-4 days after antibiotics (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.3), disseminated disease (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-10.0), and requirement for bone debridement (OR 6.7, 95% CI 2.1-21.0) strongly predicted chronic morbidity. These variables were combined to create weighted composite prediction scores for acute (A-SCORE) and chronic (C-SCORE) osteomyelitis, which were superior to SOI, CRP and ESR, and had negative predictive values >90%. CONCLUSIONS Two novel composite clinical scores were superior to existing tools to predict complications of pediatric AHO. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.