The choice of second-line biologics for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients previously treated with a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) remains unclear. Here, we compared drug retention and clinical efficacy between AS patients who switched biologics to secukinumab and those who switched to a different TNFi.
 
  AS patients enrolled in the Korean College of Rheumatology BIOlogics registry were included, and patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis were excluded. Patients with previous TNFi exposure were divided into the secukinumab group and the TNFi switching group. Drug retention and clinical efficacy (BASDAI50, ASAS20, ASAS40, ASDAS <2.1, ASDAS clinically important improvement, and ASDAS major improvement) were assessed at the 1 year follow-up. Propensity score (PS)-matched and covariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed.
 
  246 had available 1 year follow-up data. Secukinumab as third- or later-line biologics was more frequent than alternative TNFi (54% vs 14%). PS-matched and multiple covariate-adjusted analyses showed that the odds ratio (OR) for drug discontinuation was comparable between the secukinumab and TNFi switching groups (OR = 1.136; 95% CI, 0.843-1.531 and OR = 1.000; 95% CI, 0.433-2.308, respectively). The proportion of patients who achieved BASDAI50 was also comparable between the two groups (OR = 0.833; 95% CI, 0.481-1.441 in PS-matched analysis). Other clinical efficacy parameters were also comparable. In the subgroup analysis of AS patients with previous TNFi discontinuation due to ineffectiveness, all clinical efficacy parameters were comparable between the two groups.
 
  In AS patients with previous exposure to a TNFi, switching biologics to secukinumab and switching to an alternative TNFi resulted in comparable drug retention and clinical efficacy.
 In AS patients with previous exposure to a TNFi, switching biologics to secukinumab and switching to an alternative TNFi resulted in comparable drug retention and clinical efficacy.Oxygen is essential for multicellular aerobic life due to its central role in energy metabolism. The availability of oxygen can drop below the level to sustain oxidative phosphorylation when plants are flooded, posing a severe threat to survival. However, under non-stressful conditions, the internal oxygen concentrations of most plant tissue is not in equilibrium with the environment, which is attributed to cellular respiration and diffusion constrains imposed by O2 barriers and bulky tissue. This is exemplified by the observations of steep oxygen gradients in roots, fruits, tubers, anthers and meristems. In order to adapt to a varying availability of oxygen, plants sense O2 via the conditional proteolysis of transcriptional regulators. This mechanism acts to switch oxidative metabolism to anaerobic fermentation, but it was also shown to play a role in plant development and pathogen defense. To investigate how dynamic and spatial distribution of O2 impacts on these processes, accurate mapping of its concentration in plants is essential. Physical oxygen sensors have been employed for decades to profile internal oxygen concentrations in plants, while genetically encoded oxygen biosensors have only recently started to see use. Driven by the critical role of hypoxia in human pathology and development, several novel oxygen sensing devices have also been characterized in cell lines and animal model organisms. This review aims to provide an overview of available oxygen biosensors, and to discuss their potential application to image oxygen levels in plants.Electrophilic borylation of indoles with BX3 (X = Cl or Br) using directing groups installed at N1 can proceed at the C2 or the C7 position. The six membered heterocycle directing groups utilised herein, pyridines and pyrimidine, result in indole C2 borylation being the dominant outcome (in the absence of a C2-substituent). In contrast, C7 borylation was achieved using five membered heterocycle directing groups, such as thiazole and benzoxazole. Calculations on the borylation of indole substituted with a five (thiazole) and a six (pyrimidine) membered heterocycle directing group indicated that borylation proceeds via borenium cations with arenium cation formation having the highest barrier in both cases. The C7 borylated isomer was calculated to be the thermodynamically favoured product with both five and six membered heterocycle directing groups, but for pyrimidine directed indole borylation the C2 product was calculated to be the kinetic product. This is in contrast to thiazole directed indole borylation with BCl3 where the C7 borylated isomer is the kinetic product too. Thus, heterocycle ring size is a useful way to control C2 vs. C7 selectivity in N-heterocycle directed indole C-H borylation.From an engineering perspective, algal cells with the abilities of perception and driving can be considered as microrobots. Site-specific, quantitative assembly of algal robots and the manipulated objects and collaborative task performance by algal robots would benefit biomedicine, environmental monitoring, and micro-nano manufacturing. Herein, site-specific, quantitative assembly and drive of algal cells are investigated. The mechanism of cell movement is analyzed, and cell motility is evaluated with or without light control. To robotize algal cells, an algae-guiding system is built, through which a swarm of algal cells is controlled to follow trajectories.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/apilimod.html  By the cell adhesion method, adhesion and release between algal cells and microstructures are achieved. Algal cells successfully transport microspheres and release them at a destination. The cells are continuously operated for 60 min while carrying microspheres and they travel up to 270 mm. An optical guiding method is then developed for controlled assembly of algal robots onto fabricated micro-objects. The rotational movement of the microstructures is realized through cooperative driving by algal cells. This research provides a new biological driving method based on algal cells, which swim and behave as microrobots and are expected to benefit microassembly, microcargo traverse/delivery, and biological collaboration.