Influenza A viruses (IAV) sporadically transmit from swine to humans, typically associated with agricultural fairs in the USA. A human seasonal H3 from the 2010-2011 IAV season was introduced into the US swine population and termed H3.2010.1 to differentiate from the previous swine H3. This H3N2 lineage became widespread in the US commercial swine population, subsequently spilling over into exhibition swine, and caused a majority of H3N2 variant (H3N2v) cases in humans in 2016 and 2017. A cluster of human H3N2v cases were reported at an agricultural fair in Ohio in 2017 where 2010.1 H3N2 IAV was concurrently detected in exhibition swine. Genomic analysis showed the swine and human isolates were nearly identical. Here we evaluated the propensity of a 2010.1 H3N2 IAV (A/swine/Ohio/A01354299/2017; sw/OH/2017) isolated from a pig in the agricultural fair outbreak to replicate in ferrets and transmit from swine to ferret. Sw/OH/2017 displayed robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract, causing slight feverransmission demonstrated for the H3.2010.1 IAV-S emphasizes the need for further characterization of viruses circulating at the swine-human interface for transmission potential prior to human spillover and the development and implementation of more robust vaccines and control strategies to mitigate human exposure to higher risk swine strains.Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV; genus Flavivirus) is a causative agent of duck egg drop syndrome and has zoonotic potential. The positive strand RNA genomes of flaviviruses are commonly translated in a cap-dependent manner. However, Dengue and Zika viruses also exhibit cap-independent translation. In this study, we show that RNAs containing 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of DTMUV, mosquito-borne Tembusu virus (TMUV) and Japanese encephalitis virus can be translated in a cap-independent manner in mammalian, avian and mosquito cells. The ability of the 5'UTRs of flaviviruses to direct the translation of a second open reading frame in bicistronic RNAs was much lower than that observed for internal ribosome entry site (IRES) encephalomyocarditis virus, indicating a lack of substantial IRES activity. Instead, cap-independent translation of DTMUV RNA was dependent on the presence of a 3'UTR, RNA secondary structures located in both UTRs and specific RNA sequences.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/liraglutide.html  Mutations inhibiting cap-independent translation to the evasion of consequences of the shutoff of host translation. We found that the inhibition of cap-independent translation results in decrease viral proliferation, indicating that this strategy could be applied to produce attenuated variants of flaviviruses as potential vaccine candidates.This article reviews the correlation between ACE2 and COVID-19 and the resulting acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The classical ACE-angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang II)-angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis and the ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas counter-regulatory axis play an essential role in RAS system. ACE2 antagonises the activation of the classical RAS ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis and protects against lung injury. Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) also uses ACE2 for cell entry. ARDS is a clinical high-mortality disease which is probably due to the excessive activation of RAS caused by 2019-nCoV infection, and ACE2 has a protective effect on ARDS caused by COVID-19. Because of these protective effects of ACE2 on ARDS, the development of drugs enhancing ACE2 activity may become one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 in the near future. In the meantime, however, the use of RAS blockers such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers that inhibit the damaging (ACE-Ang II) arm of the RAS cascade in the lung may also be promising. Trial registration number NCT04287686.Introduction Managing healthcare service during pandemics and outbreaks is a challenging process. The aim is to keep patient safety as the priority, besides, continuing to provide essential healthcare services. Methods Situational audit was performed for the services rendered before and during COVID-19 pandemic and the elevation of the disease alert status, and a retrospective analysis of the attendance and procedures performed in the service. Results We present a methodology for performing a situational audit and generating service modification for hand and reconstructive microsurgery unit in a pandemic. There was no significant difference between the number of patients seen at outpatient clinics. However, there was a reduction in the numbers of total surgeries performed, with a 40% drop in the number of elective surgeries performed. There was also a reduction of cases seen in the emergency department hand clinic. Discussion COVID-19 pandemic is currently affecting not only the health service but also, other vital services all over the world. The pandemic puts significant challenges to acute surgical services in a hospital system involved in the management of the pandemic. Surgeons need to take proactive and a systematic approach in managing the available resources while maintaining essential surgical services. This paper provides the tools and methodology for doctors to plan their services in a pandemic situation. Conclusions It is possible to maintain essential surgical services in a pandemic situation through rapid situational audits and generating localised strategies while considering the constraints imposed during the pandemics while maintaining patient and staff safety.Since the first cases in December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the globe, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. Early clinical experiences have demonstrated the wide spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 presentations, including various reports of atypical presentations of COVID-19 and possible mimic conditions.This article summarises the current evidence surrounding atypical presentations of COVID-19 including neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, otorhinolaryngology and geriatric features. A case from our hospital of pneumocystis pneumonia initially suspected to be COVID-19 forms the basis for a discussion surrounding mimic conditions of COVID-19. The dual-process model of clinical reasoning is used to analyse the thought processes used to make a diagnosis of COVID-19, including consideration of the variety of differential diagnoses.While SARS-CoV-2 is likely to remain on the differential diagnostic list for a plethora of presentations for the foreseeable future, clinicians should be cautious of ignoring other potential diagnoses due to availability bias.