This randomized, controlled, triple-blind, crossover clinical trial aimed to investigate the use of dexamethasone (DEX) and etodolac (ETO) as preemptive analgesia before mandibular third molar extraction.
 
  Patients were divided into three groups (n = 20 teeth each) based on the drug administered DEX 8mg (DEX); DEX 8mg plus ETO 300mg (DEX + ETO), and ETO 300mg (ETO). Paracetamol (750mg) tablets were administered as rescue analgesics. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72h and 7days postoperatively.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ipi-549.html  Edema and trismus were assessed 48 and 72h postoperatively. All data were subjected to statistical analysis, where a P value < .05 indicated statistical significance.
 
  VAS scores and the number of rescue analgesics taken were lower in the DEX + ETO group than in the other groups (P < .001 and P = .014, respectively). At 48h, trismus was similar among all groups; however, the ETO group showed the highest trismus 7days postoperatively (P < .05). Edema was similar among all groups at all time points (P > .05).
 
  The combined use of the anti-inflammatory drugs, DEX and ETO, resulted in better pain control and the need for fewer rescue analgesics than the use of either drug alone, which indicated their effectiveness in mandibular third molar extractions preoperatively.
 
  This drug combination can lead to less pain, edema, and trismus and reduce the use of rescue analgesics in the postoperative period.
 This drug combination can lead to less pain, edema, and trismus and reduce the use of rescue analgesics in the postoperative period.We estimated the prevalence of overall sexualized drug use (SDU) and of chemsex in particular, assessed patterns of drug use, and identified subpopulations of men who have sex with men (MSM) where SDU and chemsex are more frequent. Using data from an online survey of 9407 MSM recruited during 2016 in 7 European countries, we calculated the proportion of participants who reported SDU and chemsex (mephedrone, methamphetamine, and/or GHB/GBL) in the last 12 months. We grouped the different drug-use combinations in patterns and described sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted infections (STI), and HIV seropositivity for each one of them. Factors associated with SDU and chemsex were assessed with two logistic regression models. SDU was reported by 17.7% and chemsex by 5.2%. Risk indicators increased through the different SDU patterns but were higher within those including chemsex drugs. In the multivariate analysis, chemsex was independently associated with living in Slovenia. Both SDU and chemsex were independently associated with living in Spain; being  500,000 inhabitants; being open about their sex life; reporting transactional sex; condomless anal intercourse; having received an STI diagnosis and with being HIV positive or having been tested ≤ 12 months ago. Magnitude of associations was higher in the chemsex model. One in five participants reported SDU, but prevalence of chemsex was notably lower. However, the risk profiles and higher prevalence of HIV/STIs among those involved in chemsex suggest the existence of a subpopulation of MSM that could be playing a relevant role in the HIV and STI epidemics, especially in very large cities of some countries.Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people-including members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer communities-are understudied and underrepresented in research. Current sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) questions do not sufficiently engage SGM people, and there is a critical gap in understanding how SOGI questions reduce inclusion and accurate empirical representation. We conducted a qualitative study to answer the question, "For SGM people, what are the major limitations with current SOGI questions?" Focus groups probed reactions to SOGI questions adapted from prior national surveys and clinical best practice guidelines. Questions were refined and presented in semi-structured cognitive interviews. Template analysis using a priori themes guided analysis. There were 74 participants 55 in nine focus groups and 19 in cognitive interviews. Participants were diverse 51.3% identified as gender minorities, 87.8% as sexual minorities, 8.1% as Hispanic/Latinx, 13.5% as Black or African-American, and 43.2% as Non-white. Two major themes emerged (1) SOGI questions did not allow for identity fluidity and complexity, reducing inclusion and representation, and (2) SOGI question stems and answer choices were often not clear as to which SOGI dimension was being assessed. To our knowledge, this represents the largest body of qualitative data studying SGM perspectives when responding to SOGI questions. We present recommendations for future development and use of SOGI measures. Attention to these topics may improve meaningful participation of SGM people in research and implementation of such research within and for SGM communities.Eyelid surgery and histopathology are closely related, especially in tumor surgery. Based on histological specimens from the archive of the Department of Ophthalmopathology, Eye Centre Freiburg, this article deals with the search for traces following eyelid surgery, and explains the respective clinical relevance for ophthalmologists involved in surgical and conservative treatment. Thermal, electrical and mechanical impacts on the tissue during tumor removal lead to histologically detectable artifacts. These must be kept to a minimum by the surgeon in order to ensure histological assessability and avoid adverse consequences for the patient. During the subsequent eyelid reconstruction, the eyelid architecture is changed depending on the surgical technique. Thus, after Hughes' operation a degeneration of the meibomian glands is histologically noticeable, which should be taken into account in the clinical aftercare of the patients. Suture material can lead to foreign body granulomas, which can be clinically misinterpreted as tumor recurrence. In contrast to foreign material, transplanted autologous tissue, such as cartilage or oral mucosa in the case of eyelid malposition, usually does not lead to chronic inflammation.