https://www.selleckchem.com/ The cingulate gyrus is part of the limbic system with extensive connectivity to different anatomical and functional areas. The traditional transcortical approach for a cingulate gyrus glioma contains high risk of transient or even irreversible postoperative hemiplegia. We present a case of gravity-assisted, fully endoscopic resection of a cingulate gyrus glioma with improvement of motor dysfunction while preserving the paracentral lobule, corticospinal tracts, and supplementary motor area. This case demonstrates the value of gravity-assisted endoscopic resection in the dominant cingulate gyrus tumor which is surrounded by eloquent parenchyma. This case demonstrates the value of gravity-assisted endoscopic resection in the dominant cingulate gyrus tumor which is surrounded by eloquent parenchyma.We investigate calcium signaling feedback through calcium-activated potassium channels of a dendritic spine by applying the immersed boundary method with electrodiffusion. We simulate the stochastic gating of such ion channels and the resulting spatial distribution of concentration, current, and membrane voltage within the dendritic spine. In this simulation, the permeability to ionic flow across the membrane is regulated by the amplitude of chemical potential barriers. With spatially localized ion channels, chemical potential barriers are locally and stochastically regulated. This regulation represents the ion channel gating with multiple subunits, the open and closed states governed by a continuous-time Markov process. The model simulation recapitulates an inhibitory action on voltage-sensitive calcium channels by the calcium-activated potassium channels in a stochastic manner as a non-local feedback loop. The model predicts amplified calcium influx with more closely placed channel complexes, proposing a potential mechanism of differential calcium handling by channel distributions. This work provides a foundation for future computer simulation s