The lack of efficient tools for identifying immunological correlates of TB protection, or risk of disease progression impedes the development of improved control strategies. To better understand host response in TB, we recently established an Imaging flow cytometer based in vitro assay, which assesses multiple aspects of T cell-monocyte interaction. Here, we extended our previous work and characterized communication between T cells and monocytes using clinical samples from individuals with different TB infection status and healthy controls from a TB endemic setting. To identify T cell-monocyte conjugates, PBMC were stimulated with ds-Red expressing Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin or ESAT 6 peptides (ES6) for 6 hours, and analyzed by IFC. We then enumerated T cell-monocyte conjugates using polarization of T cell receptor (TCR) and F-actin as markers for synapse formation, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation in the T cells. We observed a reduced frequency of T cell-monocyte conjugates in cells from patients with active pTB compared to LTBI and healthy controls. When we monitored NF-κB nuclear translocation in T cells interacting with monocytes, the proportion of responding cells was significantly higher in active pTB compared with LTBI and controls. Overall, these data underscore the need to consider multiple immunological parameters against TB, where IFC could be a valuable tool. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings METHODS Nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus, we described 5 clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, severity, and prognosis. RESULTS Lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (Pseudo-chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo-chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID-19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID-19. Severity of COVID-19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to most severe in the latter groups. Results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, both in terms of clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo-chilblain and vesicular). CONCLUSIONS We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize paucisymptomatic cases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.We appreciate the response to our timely analysis and would like to address Dr. Standing's comments. As of today, there are more than 110 clinical trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov evaluating HCQ efficacy for COVID-19. The common problem for all these studies is what is the optimal dosing regimen and what is the safety associated with said regimen in COVID-19 patients. Our goal was to synthesize all emerging data in real time using state of the art model-based tools and provide the community with a quantitative assessment of various HCQ regimens. As in any model-based analysis, assumptions are inevitable, and all the major ones are listed in our paper. Here we address the comments from Dr. Standing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Globe perforation following retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthetic injection is a rare but dreaded complication that often results in suboptimal visual outcomes. This video describes a 72-year-old woman who sustained a globe perforation during retrobulbar block in the setting of cataract extraction and later developed a retinal detachment. The retina was repaired with pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil, resulting in a favorable visual outcome. The authors discuss various modes of local anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery, risks for globe perforations, and how to approach retinal detachment secondary to needle perforations, which are complex cases at high risk for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Copyright 2020, SLACK Incorporated.The use of laser to induce a retinal-choroidal anastomosis (RCA) through photomechanical and photothermal rupture of the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane beneath a retinal vein has been performed in eyes with retinal vein occlusion to create an alternate pathway for retinal venous outflow. The authors document the multimodal imaging findings of a 64-year-old female with type 2 diabetes presenting with a parafoveal vascular lesion simulating type 3 macular neovascularization. A review of the medical history and the benign course of the lesion suggested its inadvertent origin from prior focal/grid laser to treat diabetic macular edema. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51244-248.]. Copyright 2020, SLACK Incorporated.Retinal vascular tortuosity may occur in a wide range of ocular disorders. When retinal vascular tortuosity involves both arteries and veins, and presents unilaterally and without hemorrhage, a diagnosis of Wyburn Mason syndrome (WMS) should be considered due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with cerebral involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI angiography (MRA) are important tools for identifying cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), but these imaging modalities have limited spatial resolution to detect very small vascular lesions. Annular array contact ocular ultrasound is a new imaging modality capable of detecting small intraorbital AVMs. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sf2312.html  2020;51239-243.]. Copyright 2020, SLACK Incorporated.The terms "congenital grouped albinotic spots" (CGAS) and "polar bear tracks" refer to a rare, benign retinal disorder of unknown etiology characterized by multiple, predominantly unilateral, variably sized, well-circumscribed, flat white retinal spots organized in groups. To date, very few cases of CGAS have been reported. The authors describe a case of CGAS thoroughly characterized by multimodal imaging over an 8-year follow-up, aiming to provide new insights on the pathophysiology of this entity. This is the first report where a long follow-up combined with up-to-date imaging technology is used to characterize CGAS. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51236-238.]. Copyright 2020, SLACK Incorporated.