D447A contributed the most to the enhanced dynamics of the NTD, with reduced calorimetric enthalpy of HK2. Similar residues exist in the C-terminal domain (CTD) but are unnecessary for HK1 and HK2 activity. Thus, we postulate these residues serve as a regulatory site for HK2, and may provide new directions for the design of anticancer therapeutics that reduce the rate of glycolysis in cancer through specific inhibition of HK2.The ClpB/DnaK bi-chaperone system reactivates aggregated cellular proteins and is essential for survival of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and plants under stress. AAA+ ATPase ClpB is a promising target for the development of antimicrobials, because a loss of its activity is detrimental for survival of many pathogens and no apparent ClpB orthologs are found in metazoans. We investigated ClpB activity in the presence of several compounds that were previously described as inhibitor leads for the human AAA+ ATPase p97, an anti-tumor target. We discovered that N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine (DBeQ), the least potent among the tested p97 inhibitors, binds to ClpB with a Kd~60 μM and inhibits the casein-activated, but not the basal ATPase activity of ClpB with an IC50~5 μM. The remaining p97 ligands, which displayed a higher affinity towards p97, did not affect the ClpB ATPase. DBeQ also interacted with DnaK with a Kd~100 μM, did not affect the DnaK ATPase, but inhibited the DnaK chaperone activity in vitro DBeQ inhibited the reactivation of aggregated proteins by the ClpB/DnaK bi-chaperone system in vitro with an IC50~5 μM and suppressed the growth of cultured E. coli The DBeQ-induced loss of E. coli proliferation was exacerbated by heat shock, but was nearly eliminated in a ClpB-deficient E. coli strain, which demonstrates a significant selectivity of DBeQ towards ClpB in cells. Our results provide chemical validation of ClpB as a target for developing novel antimicrobials. We identified DBeQ as a promising lead compound for structural optimization aimed at selective targeting of ClpB and/or DnaK.During mitosis, chromosomes are compacted in length by over 100-fold into rod-shaped forms. In yeast, this process depends on the presence of a centromere, which promotes condensation in cisby recruiting mitotic kinases such as Aurora B kinase. This licensing mechanism enables the cell to discriminate chromosomal from non-centromeric DNA and to prohibit the propagation of the latter. Aurora B kinase elicits a cascade of events starting with phosphorylation of histone H3 serine 10 (H3S10ph), which signals the recruitment of lysine deacetylase Hst2 and the removal of lysine 16 acetylation in histone 4 (H4). The unmasked H4 tails interact with the acidic patch of neighboring nucleosomes to drive short-range compaction of chromatin, but the mechanistic details surrounding Hst2 activity remain unclear. Using in vitroand in vivoassays, we demonstrate that the interaction of Hst2 with H3S10ph is mediated by the yeast 14-3-3 protein Bmh1. As a homodimer, Bmh1 binds simultaneously to H3S10ph and the phosphorylated C- terminus of Hst2. Our pulldown experiments with extracts of synchronized cells show that the Hst2-Bmh1 interaction is cell cycle dependent, peaking in the M phase. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of C-terminal residues of Hst2, introduced by genetic code expansion, stimulates its deacetylase activity. Hence, the data presented here identify Bmh1 as a key player in the mechanism of licensing of chromosome compaction in mitosis.Membrane remodeling is required for dynamic cellular processes such as cell division, polarization and motility. BAR domain proteins and dynamins are key molecules in membrane remodeling that work together for membrane deformation and fission. In striated muscles, sarcolemmal invaginations termed T-tubules are required for excitation-contraction coupling. BIN1 and DNM2, which encode a BAR domain protein BIN1 and dynamin 2, respectively, have been reported to be causative genes of centronuclear myopathy (CNM), a hereditary degenerative disease of skeletal muscle, and deformation of T-tubules is often observed in the CNM patients. However, it remains unclear how BIN1 and dynamin 2 are implicated in T-tubule biogenesis, and how mutations in these molecules cause CNM to develop.Here, using an in cellulo reconstitution assay, we demonstrate that dynamin 2 is required for stabilization of membranous structures equivalent to T-tubules. GTPase activity of wild type dynamin 2 is suppressed through interaction with BIN1, whereas that of the disease-associated mutant dynamin 2 remains active due to lack of the BIN1-mediated regulation thus causing aberrant membrane remodeling. Finally, we show that in cellulo aberrant membrane remodeling by mutant dynamin 2 variants is correlated with their enhanced membrane fission activities, and the results can explain severity of the symptoms in patients. Thus, this study provides molecular insights into dysregulated membrane remodeling triggering the pathogenesis of DNM2-related centronuclear myopathy.Lipids in complex, protein-enriched films at air/liquid interfaces reduce surface tension. In the absence of this benefit, the light refracting and immunoprotective tear film on eyes would collapse. Premature collapse, coupled with chronic inflammation compromising visual acuity, is a hallmark of dry eye disease affecting 7 - 10% of individuals worldwide. Although collapse seems independent of mutation (unlike newborn lung alveoli), selective proteome and possible lipidome changes have been noted. These include elevated tissue transglutaminase and consequent inactivation through C-terminal cross-linking of the tear mitogen lacritin, leading to significant loss of lacritin monomer.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sulbactam-pivoxil.html  Lacritin monomer restores homeostasis via autophagy and mitochondrial fusion and promotes basal tearing. Here, we discover that lacritin monomer C-terminal processing, inclusive of cysteine, serine and metalloproteinase activity, generates cationic amphipathic α-helical proteoforms. Such proteoforms (using synthetic peptide surrogates) act like alveolar surfactant proteins to rapidly bind and stabilize the tear lipid layer. Immunodepletion of C-, but not N-terminal proteoforms nor intact lacritin, from normal human tears promotes loss of stability akin to human dry eye tears. Stability of these and dry eye tears is rescuable with C- but not N-terminal proteoforms. Repeated topical application in rabbits reveals a proteoform turnover time of 7 - 33 hours with gradual loss from human tear lipid that retains bioactivity without further processing. Thus, the processed C-terminus of lacritin that is deficient or absent in dry eye tears appears to play a key role in preventing tear film collapse and as a natural slow release mechanism that restores epithelial homeostasis.