Macrophages are essential components of the human host immune system, which upon activation facilitates a broad pallet of immunomodulatory events including release of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, restoration of immune homeostasis and/or wound healing. Moreover, some macrophage phenotypes are crucially involved in fibrogenesis through stimulation of myofibroblasts, while others promote fibrolysis. During the last decades, the role of resident liver macrophages viz. Kupffer cells and recruited monocytes/macrophages in acute and chronic liver diseases has gained interest and been extensively investigated. Specifically, the scavenger receptors CD163 and mannose receptor (CD206), expressed by macrophages, are of utmost interest since activation by various stimuli induce their shedding to the circulation. Thus, quantifying concentrations of these soluble biomarkers may be of promising clinical relevance in estimating the severity of inflammation and fibrosis and to predict outcomes such as survival. Here, we review the existing literature on soluble CD163 and soluble mannose receptor in liver diseases with a particular focus on their relationship to hepatic fibrosis in metabolic associated fatty liver disease, as well as in chronic hepatitis B and C.Purpose To compare serum total calcium and phosphate levels in patients with non-severe COVID-19 with age, sex, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level matched healthy adult cohort. Methods In this retrospective case-control study, medical records of patients (≥18 years) diagnosed as non-severe COVID-19 admitted at and discharged from our tertiary care institution during the period from April 10, 2020 and June 20, 2020 were retrieved. Baseline investigations, notably, serum calcium, phosphate, albumin, magnesium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and C-reactive protein (CRP), were performed at admission before any form of calcium or vitamin D supplementation were considered. The biochemical parameters were compared with age, sex, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D matched healthy adult controls (11 ratio) derived from the Chandigarh Urban Bone Epidemiological Study (CUBES). Results After exclusion, 72 patients with non-severe COVID-19 (63 mild and 9 moderate disease) and an equal number of healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Age, sex, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and albumin levels were matched between the 2 groups. Hypovitaminosis D and hypocalcemia were seen in 97 and 67% of the patients, respectively. The patients had lower serum calcium (P value less then 0.001) and phosphate (P = 0.007) compared with the controls. There was no statistically significant correlation between serum calcium and CRP. Conclusions Hypocalcemia is highly prevalent even in COVID-19 patients with non-severe disease probably implying that hypocalcemia is intrinsic to the disease. Prospective studies with larger number of patients are required to prove this hypothesis and unravel the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.As the primary surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) wanes in many countries, it is important to reconsider best practice. More cases, probably the majority of cases, are yet to come. Hopefully, during this next phase, we will have more time, more resources, and more experience from which to affect better outcomes. Here, we examine the compromised oxygen strategy that many nations followed. We explore the evidence related to such strategies and discuss the potential mortality impact of delaying oxygen treatment in COVID-19 pneumonia.Background The association between aspirin use and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) virus infection remains not fully determined. A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the findings of cohort studies. Methods Relevant cohort studies were retrieved via a search of PubMed Cochrane's Library and Embase databases. A random-effect model was used to pool the results. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of study characteristics on the association. Results Seven cohort studies with 120,945 adult patients with HBV or HCV infection were included. Pooled results showed that aspirin use was independently associated with a reduced risk of HCC in these patients (risk ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.83, p less then 0.001; I2 = 86%). Subgroup analyses showed that aspirin use was associated with a reduced HCC risk regardless of the viral type, age, sex, the diabetic, and cirrhotic status of the patients, and the follow-up durations.  https://www.selleckchem.com/Bcl-2.html  Moreover, consistent results were obtained in studies with and without adjustment of antiviral treatment and statin use. Pooled results of four studies showed that aspirin use was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients (risk ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.28, p = 0.02; I2 = 0%). Conclusions Aspirin use was independently associated with a reduced risk of HCC in patients with HBV or HCV infection, whereas the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding may be increased. These results should be validated in clinical trials.HLA-B27 has an established relationship with the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). After reviewing the HLA-B genotype from 407 Chinese subjects (318 patients and 89 sex-matched controls), we found that 252 patients and 32 controls were HLA-B27(+) and that HLA-B*2704 was the dominant HLA-B27 subtype (N = 224). In all participants, HLA*2704 homozygous were only detected in two patients. In the HLA-B27(+) group, HLA-B40 was observed in 51 cases and one control (p less then 0.05, OR = 7.87, 95% CI 1.05-59.0); of these, the most genotype was HLA-B*2704/B*4001(N = 38). Two hundred thirty-nine patients' clinical information was recorded. Cases with HLA-B27/B46 had more peripheral joint involvement (OR = 3.95, 95% CI 1.77-8.79) in HLA-B27(+) AS. HLA-B*1502 may be a significant risk element to peripheral joint involvement (p less then 0.05) in HLA-B27(-) patients. Therefore, we believe HLA-B*4001, HLA-B*4601, and HLA-B*1502 can be the test indicators for AS diagnostic value.