Quinine, a cinchona bark-derived antimalarial alkaloid, is a known ototoxic. Isolated and named in 1820 by the French scientists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Bienaimé Caventou, it has since been employed in the treatment of different maladies. Quinine was also recommended as a local anesthetic in surgical procedures in the early 20th century.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/deutenzalutamide.html  This article aims to identify early ototoxicity reports regarding quinine and to investigate if quinine was previously used in otology as an anesthetic agent or as an actual therapy.
 
  Historical review of medical and pharmaceutical literature from the 19th and 20th centuries in databases (PubMed; Web of Science), as well as medical books on ototoxic drugs, quinine, and therapies in otology.
 
  The first identified reference of quinine ototoxicity was from 1824. Quinine also had a therapeutic role in otology and neurotology and was employed for its analgesic properties. It was used in Menière's disease, vertigo, otalgia, purulent otitis media, neuralgia of the plexus tympani, furuncles in the auditory canal, and herpes zoster in the auricle.
 
  Quinine was acknowledged as an ototoxic drug in the 19th century. Quinine was used in several otologic disorders, both as an analgesic (for herpes zoster, otalgia) and as a therapeutic agent (Menière's disease, vertigo, purulent otitis media, furuncles in the auditory canal). This research demonstrates that, analogously to gentamicin, quinine was used in Menière's disease specifically due to its ototoxic effects.
 Quinine was acknowledged as an ototoxic drug in the 19th century. Quinine was used in several otologic disorders, both as an analgesic (for herpes zoster, otalgia) and as a therapeutic agent (Menière's disease, vertigo, purulent otitis media, furuncles in the auditory canal). This research demonstrates that, analogously to gentamicin, quinine was used in Menière's disease specifically due to its ototoxic effects.
  To evaluate the prevalence, surgical management, and audiologic impact of pulsatile tinnitus caused by sigmoid sinus dehiscence.
 
  Retrospective chart review at a tertiary care hospital.
 
  Adults with unilateral pulsatile tinnitus attributable to sigmoid sinus dehiscence who underwent resurfacing between January 2010 and January 2020.
 
  Transmastoid sigmoid resurfacing.
 
  Resolution of pulsatile tinnitus; audiologic outcomes; complications; tinnitus etiologies.
 
  Nineteen patients (89.4% women) had surgery for suspected sigmoid sinus dehiscence. The mean dehiscence size was 6.1 mm (range, 1-10.7 mm). Eight patients had concurrent sigmoid sinus diverticulum and one patient also had jugular bulb dehiscence. Only two patients (10.5%) had the defect identified by radiology. Low-frequency pure-tone average, measured at frequencies of 250 and 500 Hz, showed a significant median improvement of 8.8 dB following resurfacing (18.8 dB versus 10.0 dB, p = 0.02). The majority of patients had complete resolution of pulsang. Radiographic findings of dehiscence are often overlooked without a high index of clinical suspicion. Its relationship with transverse sinus pathology and idiopathic intracranial hypertension remain unclear.
  Hearing loss (HL) and apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE4) allele are both dementia risk factors. No research has investigated the association of these variables regarding dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease. Our goal was to evaluate HL and ApoE4 allele positivity toward degree of Alzheimer's neurodegeneration.
 
  Retrospective.
 
  Academic.
 
  Alzheimer's neuropathology obtained from brain tissue databank. Documented demographics, subjective hearing status, cognition, and ApoE4. Subjects divided into four groups based on hearing status and ApoE4 positivity.
 
  Differences in cognition (clinical dementia rating, mini mental state examination (MMSE), geriatric depression score) and Alzheimer's neuropathology staging (Braak, CERAD) between groups.
 
  Two-hundred and fifty-nine subjects. No significant difference between groups, with regard to hearing status or ApoE4 positivity, in premorbid cognition, including scores for clinical dementia rating and MMSE (p = 0.2332). HL subjects had less severe neuropathology, as r neurodegeneration. This is clinically relevant in that treating HL could slow Alzheimer's disease progression.
  To describe a case of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and intralabyrinthine hemorrhage in a patient with COVID-19.
 
  Clinical capsule report.
 
  Tertiary academic referral center.
 
  An adult woman with bilateral SSNHL, aural fullness, and vertigo with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (IgG serology testing).
 
  High-dose oral prednisone with taper, intratympanic dexamethasone.
 
  Audiometric testing, MRI of the internal auditory canal with and without contrast.
 
  A patient presented with bilateral SSNHL, bilateral aural fullness, and vertigo. Serology testing performed several weeks after onset of symptoms was positive for IgG COVID-19 antibodies. MRI showed bilateral intralabyrinthine hemorrhage (left worse than right) and no tumor. The patient was treated with two courses of high-dose oral prednisone with taper and a left intratympanic dexamethasone injection, resulting in near-resolution of vestibular symptoms, a fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear, and a severe to profound mixed hearing loss in the left ear.
 
  COVID-19 may have otologic manifestations including sudden SSNHL, aural fullness, vertigo, and intralabyrinthine hemorrhage.
 COVID-19 may have otologic manifestations including sudden SSNHL, aural fullness, vertigo, and intralabyrinthine hemorrhage.
  Physicians' time with patients is a critical input to care, but is typically measured retrospectively through survey instruments. Data collected through the use of electronic health records (EHRs) offer an alternative way to measure visit length.
 
  To measure how much time primary care physicians spend with their patients, during each visit.
 
  We used a national source of EHR data for primary care practices, from a large health information technology company. We calculated exam length and schedule deviations based on timestamps recorded by the EHR, after implementing sequential data refinements to account for non-real-time EHR use and clinical multitasking. Observational analyses calculated and plotted the mean, median, and interquartile range of exam length and exam length relative to scheduled visit length.
 
  A total of 21,010,780 primary care visits in 2017.
 
  We identified primary care visits based on physician specialty. For these visits, we extracted timestamps for EHR activity during the exam. We also extracted scheduled visit length from the EHR's practice management functionality.