By using an evidence-based approach, these national GDM guidelines can address important clinical issues in the diagnosis and management of Iranian women with GDM.
 By using an evidence-based approach, these national GDM guidelines can address important clinical issues in the diagnosis and management of Iranian women with GDM.
  Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are dependent not only on the average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2 - 3 months but also on the turnover of erythrocytes. Hyperthyroidism is known to be associated with an increase in erythrocyte turnover that may falsely lower the HbA1c in relation to the level of glycemia.
 
  To assess the impact of medical correction of hyperthyroidism on HbA1c, independent of changes in the fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour post-oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose.
 
  Adult patients with overt hyperthyroidism (n = 36) were tested for their hemoglobin, reticulocyte percentage, HbA1c and fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-hour plasma glucose, both at baseline and following at least three months of near normalization of serum thyroxin on Carbimazole treatment.
 
  Correction of hyperthyroidism in 36 patients was associated with an increase in the hemoglobin (P = 0.004) and a rise in HbA1c (P = 0.025), even though no significant change was observed in both the fasting (P = 0.28) and post OGTT two-hour plasma glucose (P = 0.54). Also, the proportion of patients with HbA1c ≥ 5.7% rose from 3/36 to 10/36; P = 0.016, while the proportion of patients with either abnormal fasting or abnormal post OGTT 2-hour plasma glucose or both did not show any significant change (P = 0.5). The sensitivity of HbA1c to diagnose prediabetes increased from 20% to 50% post- treatment.
 
  Glycated hemoglobin is falsely low in relation to glycemia in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism.
 Glycated hemoglobin is falsely low in relation to glycemia in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism.
  Oxidative stress is commonly accrued in thyroid tissue during hormone synthesis.
 
  We aimed to examine oxidative stress in patients with thyroid cancer, benign thyroid nodules, and healthy individuals.
 
  In this study, 138 individuals were involved. Among the selected participants, 108 had thyroid nodules, including 30 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 30 follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), six anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), 12 medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and 30 benign nodules. In addition, 30 individuals were selected as a healthy control group. The levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) of thyroid tissue were measured using the ELISA method, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated.
 
  The TAC level was significantly lower in MTC and FTC subtypes than in controls. The TOS level was considerably higher in the MTC group than in the control and benign nodule groups. The TOS level was not changed in other groups. The OSI was considerably higher in MTC and FTC subtypes. The TAC and OSI in benign nodules were significantly lower and higher than those of controls, respectively. The OSI was higher in female patients than in males.
 
  The OSI can not be considered a diagnostic biomarker for benign nodules and MTC. The diverse oxidative stress status between genders may be related to the elevated cancer incidence in females.
 The OSI can not be considered a diagnostic biomarker for benign nodules and MTC.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vbit-4.html  The diverse oxidative stress status between genders may be related to the elevated cancer incidence in females.
  Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), as one of the most common endocrine disorders, is a preventable cause of mental retardation.
 
  This study aimed to identify familial-related risk factors for CH in Iranian newborns.
 
  A population-based case-control study was performed on the National Registry System of patients with CH in Iran. In this study, 906 controls and 454 cases were studied for one year. Familial related factors were investigated using logistic regression models. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was also calculated for each significant risk factor.
 
  Using multivariate analysis, an increased risk for CH was observed in patients with congenital anomalies (odds ratio (OR) 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.37 - 14.01), history of mental retardation in family (OR2.10, 95% CI 1.15-3.83), mother's hypothyroidism during pregnancy (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.33 - 3.03), intra-family marriage (OR1.49, 95% CI 1.18 - 1.89), gestational diabetes (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.63), having a hypothyroid child in the family (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.39 - 4.42), and twins or more (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.31 - 5.21). The highest PAF among familial-related risk factors for CH is related to the intra-family marriage (14.9%).
 
  This study revealed that familial-related risk factors and consanguine marriages play an essential role in the high incidence of CH in Iran. About 15% of CH in Iran could be attributed to intra-family marriage alone.
 This study revealed that familial-related risk factors and consanguine marriages play an essential role in the high incidence of CH in Iran. About 15% of CH in Iran could be attributed to intra-family marriage alone.
  The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the rise worldwide; diabetes and hypertension are mentioned as the main contributors.
 
  The current study aimed to investigate the multiplicative and additive interaction of diabetes and hypertension in the incidence of CKD.
 
  In this population-based cohort study, 7342 subjects aged 20 years or above (46.8% male) were divided into four groups no diabetes and hypertension; diabetes and no hypertension; hypertension and no diabetes; and both diabetes and hypertension. The multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the effect of diabetes, hypertension, and their multiplicative interaction on CKD. The following indices were used to determine the additive interaction of diabetes and hypertension the relative excess risk of interaction, the attributable proportion due to interaction, and the synergism index.
 
  Diabetes and hypertension had no significant multiplicative interaction in men (hazard ratio of 0.93, P value 0.764) and women (hazard ratio of 0.79, P value 0.