https://www.selleckchem.com/products/turi.html Water scarcity is becoming an alarming issue in the Mediterranean countries. Therefore, using the treated wastewater in the irrigation is considered as a valuable option. However, uncontrolled and long-term irrigation by wastewater leads to human health and environmental damages, mainly related to some specific pollutants. The assessment of the availability and toxicity of the heavy metals after long term irrigation, under semi-arid climate, is not yet well documented. In this study, physicochemical properties, genotoxicity (Vicia faba micronucleus test), total and available (CaCl2-extractable) concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co and Cd in eight soils of peri-urban farms irrigated with wastewater were examined to evaluate their accumulation. The results indicated that long-term irrigation with wastewater induced significant increase of electrical conductivity, organic matter, calcium carbonate equivalent and nutrient availability. Total and available concentration of heavy metals were significantly higher (P Zn (223.8%). The micronucleus assay indicated significant increase of micronucleus frequencies (41.25‰, 35.48‰, 21.66‰, 16.23‰ and 13.62‰ respectively for P1, P2, P3, P4 and P7) which were higher than the negative control (0‰) and the irrigated soil by fresh water (3.29‰). The micronucleus induction was significantly correlated with the high available fraction of Cd, Co and Zn at P1, P2 and P7. The genotoxicity can be a powerful test to assess the ecological effects associated with the interactions of heavy metals with other pollutants.Nanoparticles released into the environment are attracting increasing concern because of their potential toxic effects. Conventional methods for assessing the toxicity of nanoparticles are usually confined to cultivable cells, but not applicable to viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells. However, it remains unknown whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a typical antimicrobial agent,