Research on figurative language has a long tradition in psychiatry, as it is employed in psychotherapy and its (mis)comprehension plays a substantial role in differential diagnostics of schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Although often associated with empathy and mentalization, it has never been addressed in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Therefore, this study investigated metaphor comprehension and its relationship to cognitive and affective empathy in 20 patients with BPD and 20 matched healthy controls who completed a metaphor task comprising conventional metaphors (CM), novel metaphors (NM), meaningless stimuli (MS), and a rating scale of familiarity, a factor known to influence performance. For cognitive and affective empathy, the interpersonal reactivity index was applied. At first patients with BPD seemed to have significantly more problems in comprehending CM, but not NM or MS, and were less familiar with CM. When familiarity with the stimulus was controlled, this difference disappeared. As for empathy, only fantasy was positively related to familiar CM beyond borderline symptoms. Results indicate that the comprehension of novel metaphorical meaning is preserved in patients with BPD.Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) cause similar symptomatology. A correlation between these disorders has been found. We aimed to explore shared CNVs between SCZ and BD, in 35 sibpairs diagnosed with SCZ and 21 sibpairs diagnosed with BD. CNV calling was performed using data derived of Psycharray, by PennCNV. We did not find any shared CNVs between individuals diagnosed with BD and SCZ, neither with psychotic symptoms in individuals with BD. Nevertheless, we found a significant higher CNV burden in early-onset SCZ. This is one of the first's studies analyzing shared CNVs between SCZ and BD in Mexican population.Introduction Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most frequent operations performed around the world. Some pathological findings are particularly rare and difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Here, we report a case of a patient who presented to our hospital with calculus cholecystitis with a unique Intraoperative finding of Hartmann pouch herniation through hepatocystic triangle. The aim of the study is to consider Hartmann pouch herniation as a rare differential diagnosis of gallbladder stone complication. Presentation of case We present a 48-year-old male who came to our emergency department complaining of constant epigastric abdominal pain lasting 3 h with vomiting. Utilizing chemistry laboratory studies and radiological studies, the final diagnosis was acute calculus cholecystitis. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done and revealed Hartmann pouch herniation through the Calot's triangle. This herniation resulted in strangulation of the Hartmann pouch and displacement of the cystic duct and artery anteriorly. Discussion The biliary tract is liable for congenital anomalies. These anatomical variations can be diagnosed either intra-operatively or pre-operatively using radiological imaging. Hartmann pouch herniation is a new finding that we encountered in this case.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Sunitinib-Malate-(Sutent).html  Conclusion Profound surgeons' anatomical knowledge is essential for the safety of patients, especially for hepatobiliary surgeries due to the wide variations in normal and pathological anatomy. Using critical view of safety can decrease avoidable complications. Consulting specialized hepatobiliary surgeon is preferred when dealing with such cases.Introduction Total thyroidectomy represents one of the commonest procedures performed for thyroid diseases. The aim of this paper is to report a rare case of tracheocutaneous fistula after total thyroidectomy. Case report A 44-year-age female presented with left side neck swelling for 2 month duration. Neck ultrasound showed a well-defined left thyroid nodule (25 × 15 × 14 mm) with features highly suggestive of malignancy, under general anesthesia total thyroidectomy was performed. On the third postoperative day, the patient came back with neck swelling especially during speaking, there was subcutaneous emphysema, wound opened with residual air leak. Under local anesthesia, the wound opened, there was 10 × 10 mm opening in the anterior aspect of trachea, a tracheostomy was inserted, the patient was sent home after decannulation with an opening in the anterior neck. Twenty days later the tracheal opening closed spontaneously. Discussion The possibility of a tracheal wall ischemic necrosis is plausible due to cautery use. Some autopsy studies have demonstrated that small branches of inferior thyroid artery form the main blood supply of the upper segment of trachea. These fragile branches have a lateral entry point that can be damaged readily leading to ischemia and necrosis. Conclusion Ischemic tracheal necrosis, although very rare, is possible after total thyroidectomy, minimal use of electro-cautery is advised whenever possible.This study assessed sex differences and the role of ovarian hormones in nicotine withdrawal. Study 1 compared physical signs, anxiety-like behavior, and corticosterone levels in male, intact female, and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats during nicotine withdrawal. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels were also assessed in intact females that were tested during different phases of the 4-day estrous cycle. Study 2 assessed the role of ovarian hormones in withdrawal by comparing the same measures in OVX rats that received vehicle, E2, or E2+progesterone prior to testing. Briefly, rats received a sham surgery or an ovariectomy procedure. Fifteen days later, rats were prepared with a pump that delivered nicotine for 14 days. On the test day, rats received saline or the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine to precipitate withdrawal. Physical signs and anxiety-like behavior were assessed on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark transfer (LDT) tests. During withdrawal, intact females displayed greater anxiety-like behavior and increases in corticosterone levels as compared to male and OVX rats. Females tested in the estrus phase (when E2 is relatively low) displayed less anxiety-like behavior and had lower corticosterone levels versus all other phases. Anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone levels were positively correlated with E2 and negatively correlated with progesterone levels. Intact females displaying high E2/low progesterone showed greater anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone levels as compared to females displaying low E2/high progesterone. Lastly, OVX-E2 rats displayed greater anxiety-like behavior than OVX-E2+progesterone rats. These data suggest that E2 promotes and progesterone reduces anxiety-like behavior produced by nicotine withdrawal.