The theoretical location of an optimal reference sphere, which corresponds to this value, can be obtained. Then, we perform a practical test, which starts at the initial zero position, and find an actual minimum PV value near its theoretical location. The difference between the theoretical location and the actual one is the compensation quantity. Finally, we execute ASSI measurement to aspherical optics. The location coordinate of each subaperture is compensated with the acquired quantity. Through the experiments, it can be concluded that the proposed method can improve the measurement accuracy of ASSI in terms of error elimination. The results produced by the new method are more desirable than those of the conventional one.This paper presents a novel beam flexure-based X-Y-θ micro-stage integrated with a laser interferometric type displacement measurement approach for reducing the measurement error induced by the rotational motion and cross-axis load effect. Aiming at achieving high-precision real-time control of the proposed system, an active disturbance rejection controller is developed such that the inevitable parasitic and coupling errors can be treated as disturbances and actively compensated by using the extended state observer. Finally, the verification experiments are deployed on the fabricated prototype, where the results indicate that the proposed approach achieves excellent performance in terms of motion accuracy and disturbance rejections.A novel probe-type thin film thermocouple has been fabricated successfully for high temperature measurement applications. WRe26 (tungsten-26% rhenium)-In2O3 thermoelectric materials were used in the thermocouples to achieve high thermoelectric output and high temperature resistance. The films were deposited on a cylindrical substrate by magnetron sputtering technology. The annealing process of the thermocouples was studied to achieve optimal performance. The calibration results showed the thermoelectric output of WRe26-In2O3 thin film thermocouples reached 93.7 mv at 700 °C, and its sensitivity was 165.5 µV/°C under the temperature of the cold junction, which was 133.8 °C. The thermocouples developed in this work have great potential for practical applications.Research in new quantum materials requires multi-mode measurements spanning length scales, correlations of atomic-scale variables with a macroscopic function, and spectroscopic energy resolution obtainable only at millikelvin temperatures, typically in a dilution refrigerator. In this article, we describe a multi-mode instrument achieving a μeV tunneling resolution with in-operando measurement capabilities of scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and magnetotransport inside a dilution refrigerator operating at 10 mK. We describe the system in detail including a new scanning probe microscope module design and sample and tip transport systems, along with wiring, radio-frequency filtering, and electronics. Extensive benchmarking measurements were performed using superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions, with Josephson tunneling as a noise metering detector. After extensive testing and optimization, we have achieved less than 8 μeV instrument resolving capability for tunneling spectroscopy, which is 5-10 times better than previous instrument reports and comparable to the quantum and thermal limits set by the operating temperature at 10 mK.A hybrid scanning tunneling/optical near-field microscope is presented, in which an optical fiber tip coated with 100 nm thick Ag/Cr films scans the surface. The tip metallization enables operating the instrument via a current-based distance control and guarantees sub-nanometer spatial resolution in the topographic channel. The fiber tip simultaneously serves as nanoscale light source, given the optical transparency of the metal coating. The emission response of the tip-sample junction is collected with two parabolic mirrors and probed with a far-field detector. To test the capabilities of the new setup, the evolution of the optical signal is monitored when the tip approaches a gold surface.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/smip34.html  The intensity rise and frequency shift of the emission provide evidence for the development of coupled plasmon modes in the tip-sample cavity. Photon mapping is employed to probe the optical inhomogeneity of Ru(0001) and TiO2(110) surfaces covered with silver deposits. While the 2D Ag flakes on Ru give rise to a near-field enhancement, the 3D particles on titania locally damp the gap plasmons and lower the emitted intensity. The lateral resolution in the optical channel has been estimated to be ∼1 nm, and optical and topographic signals are well correlated. Our fiber microscope thus appears to be suitable for probing optical surface properties at the nanoscale.We present experimental, analytical, and numerical methods developed for reconstruction (deconvolution) of one-dimensional (1D) surface slope profiles over the spatial frequency range where the raw data are significantly perturbed due to the limited resolution of the measurement instrument. We characterize the spatial resolution properties of a profiler with the instrument's transfer function (ITF). To precisely measure the ITF, we apply a recently developed method utilizing test surfaces with 1D linear chirped height profiles of constant slope amplitude. Based on the results of the ITF calibration, we determine parameters of an analytical model for the ITF that is used in the original reconstruction software. Here, we treat surface slope metrology data obtained with the Optical Surface Measuring System (OSMS), using as a sensor an electronic autocollimator (AC) ELCOMAT-3000. The spatial resolution of the OSMS is limited by the size of the AC light-beam-collimating aperture. For the purposes of this investigake intensity variation.We report an electron scattering experiment on argon gas where a keV electron beam is used as a probe and electrons are collected with a magnetic bottle spectrometer. For this purpose, we have built a thermionic gun that produces electron pulses with nanosecond duration by sweeping the beam across a small aperture. To reach the target, electrons must pass through the hole in an axially symmetric arrangement of strong permanent magnets required to operate the magnetic bottle. From the recorded multi-hit sequence of electron arrival times on the microchannel plate detector, a kinetic energy spectrum is built that allows an analysis of the elastic and inelastic electron scattering channels by means of the coincidence technique. After a description of the instrumental configuration and discussion of suitable working parameters, the results of an angle-integrated (e, 2e) experiment are presented for 800 eV electron scattering on argon atoms.