36 (7.65) from -0.01 (4.17) during low intensities, and 2.61 (6.67) from -3.49 (4.76) during high. The visual-vestibular stimuli yielded a decrease during low acceleration, -0.40 (3.87) from 3.75 (5.62), but increased during high, 3.88 (6.51) from -3.88 (8.55). CONCLUSIONS Meclizine had an inhibitory effect on eye movement reflexes for low accelerations during VIS+VES trials. This indicates that meclizine may not primarily work through sensory-specific mechanisms, but rather on a more central level. Practically, meclizine shows promise in targeting motion-sickness evoked by everyday activities, but its use may be counterproductive in high-acceleration environments. © 2020 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.AIM To determine the relationship between decline of insulin therapy by individuals with type 2 diabetes and subsequent blood glucose control. METHODS We retrospectively studied adults with type 2 diabetes and suboptimal (HbA1c ≥ 53 mmol/mol [7.0%]) glycaemic control followed at two academic hospitals between 2000 and 2014 who were recommended insulin therapy. Decline of insulin therapy recommendations was identified using natural language processing of provider notes. Time to HbA1c less then 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) served as the primary outcome. RESULTS Of 5307 study participants, 2267 (42.7%) declined insulin therapy. Median time to HbA1c control in individuals who declined vs. started insulin therapy was 50 vs. 38 months, respectively (P less then 0.001). In multivariable analysis, decline of insulin therapy was associated with hazard ratio for HbA1c control of 0.89 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.97; P = 0.008). Participants were more likely to accept insulin therapy recommendations if they had diabetes complications (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.53; P less then 0.001) or a higher HbA1c (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.13; P less then 0.001), and less likely if they were older (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.86; P less then 0.001) or were taking more non-insulin diabetes medications (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.83; P less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes who declined insulin therapy subsequently had worse glycaemic control. These findings highlight the need to improve our understanding of the relationship of this common but poorly explored clinical phenomenon to blood glucose control and ultimately diabetes complications. © 2020 Diabetes UK.The commercialization of RNA-based agricultural products requires robust ecological risk assessments. Ecological risk is operationally defined as a function of exposure and adverse effects. Information on the environmental fate of RNA-based plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) is essential to define routes and duration of exposure to potentially sensitive non-target organisms (NTOs). Providing these details in problem formulation helps focus the ecological risk assessment on the relevant species of concern. Post-harvest plant residue is often considered to be the most significant route of exposure for genetically modified crops to adjacent aquatic environments. Previous studies have shown that DvSnf7 RNA from SmartStax® PRO maize dissipates rapidly in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. While these studies suggest direct exposure to DvSnf7 RNA is likely to be low, little is known regarding the fate of DvSnf7 RNA produced in plants after entering an aquatic environment. This exposure scenario is relevant to detritivorous aquatic invertebrates that process conditioned maize tissues that enter aquatic environments. To assess potential exposure to shredders, dissipation of DvSnf7 RNA expressed maize tissue was evaluated following immersion in microcosms containing sediment and water. Concentrations of DvSnf7 RNA in the tissue was measured over a duration of 21 d. DvSnf7 RNA dissipated rapidly from immersed maize tissue and was undetectable in the tissues after 3 days. Concentrations of DvSnf7 RNA found in tissue as well as calculated water column concentrations were below levels known to elicit effects in a highly sensitive surrogate species, supporting the conclusion of minimal risk to aquatic non-target organisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ew-7197.html  This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.When deciding whether to vaccinate, people often seek information through consequential processes that are not currently well understood. A survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,091) explored the factors associated with intentions to seek influenza vaccine information in the 2018-2019 influenza season. This survey shed light on what motivates intentions to seek information about the influenza vaccine through the lens of the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model. The model explained information-seeking intentions well among both unvaccinated and vaccinated respondents. Key findings show that informational subjective norms, information insufficiency, and different types of affect are strong predictors of information-seeking intentions. Theoretical insights on extending the RISP model and practical guidance on designing interventions are provided. © 2020 Society for Risk Analysis.AIMS Chinese children are more susceptible to the development of thiopurine-induced leukopenia compared with Caucasian populations. The aim of our study was to establish a 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) dose-concentration-response relationship through exploration of pharmacogenetic factors involved in the thiopurine-induced toxicities in Chinese paediatric patients afflicted by acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). METHODS Blood samples were obtained from ALL children treated with 6-MP. We determined the metabolite steady-state concentrations of 6-MP in red blood cells (RBCs) by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacogenetic analysis was carried out on patients' genomic DNA using the MassArray genotyping platform. RESULTS Sixty children afflicted by ALL who received 6-MP treatment were enrolled in this study. The median concentration of 6-thioguanine in patients afflicted by leukopenia was 235.83 pmol/8 × 108 RBCs, which was significantly higher than for patients unafflicted by leukopenia (178.90 pmol/8 × 108 RBCs; P = 0.