https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rxc004.html 50 mg/g DW) and production (5.57 mg/L), and squalene accumulation (0.30 mg/g DW) by using 245 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, 71 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, 200 mg/L yeast extract for 4.96 days, without yeast extract for 6.54 days and 4 days, respectively. Also, it was predicted that the highest squalene production is achieved by long-term exposure to high concentrations of yeast extract. The qRT-PCR analysis displayed the maximum relative gene expression of SQS1 and MOF1 by using 150 and 25 mg/L yeast extract for 4 and 2 days treatment. The importance of the skin microbiome in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is gaining increasing attention in current research and offers opportunities for new innovative treatment options. This study investigated the efficacy of aprobiotic bath additive on clinical symptoms and skin microbiome of patients with AD. The study was randomized and double-blind 22patients applied a10-min partial bath with 4.5 × 10 or 9 × 10 colony-forming units (CFU) of viable lactic acid bacteria per liter daily over aperiod of 14days. The clinical symptoms were documented using the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and apatient questionnaire at day0, day7 and day14. In addition, skin swabs were taken for subsequent nucleic acid extraction for quantitative Staphylococcus aureus polymerase chain reaction and microbiome analysis using amplicon sequencing. Comparable efficacy was documented in both treatment groups Probiotic baths with aconcentration of 4.5-9 × 10 CFU/liter led to asignificant reduction in SCORAD scores (start of study 63.04) and local SCORAD (14.68) on day7 (SCORAD 47.09, local SCORAD 10.99) and day14 (SCORAD 35.26, local SCORAD 8.54). Furthermore, the patient-assessed parameters skin dryness and itching improved significantly over the treatment period. At the same time, the mean gene copy number of S.aureus decreased by about 83% and microbiome analyses showed an increase