https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-1000394.html The data generated by read-based taxonomic classification and genome-centric binning mutually validated the two distinct metagenomic approaches. Smoking-associated dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome in current cigarette smokers, especially increased abundance of and genera, may facilitate disease development. Smoking-associated dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome in current cigarette smokers, especially increased abundance of Prevotella and Megasphaera genera, may facilitate disease development. Novel and new therapeutic strategies capable of enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobials is an attractive proposition to meet the needs of society. This study aimed to evaluate the potentiating effect of a miconazole (MCZ) nanocarrier system, incorporated with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and chitosan (CS) (IONPs-CS-MCZ). This was tested on three representative complex interkingdom oral biofilm models (caries, denture and gingivitis). The planktonic and sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of IONPs-CS-MCZ against different strains were determined, as well as against all represented bacterial species that formed within the three biofilm models. Biofilms were treated for 24hours with the IONPs-CS nanocarrier system containing MCZ at 64 mg/L, and characterized using a range of bioassays for quantitative and qualitative assessment. MIC results generally showed that IONPs-CS-MCZ was more effective than MCZ alone. IONPs-CS-MCZ also promoted reductions in the number of CFUs, biomass and metabolic activity of the representative biofilms, as well as altering biofilm ultrastructure when compared to untreated biofilms. IONPs-CS-MCZ affected the composition and reduced the CFEs for most of the microorganisms present in the three evaluated biofilms. In particular, the proportion of streptococciin the biofilm composition were reduced in all three models, whilst spp. percentage reduced in the gingivitis and c