https://www.selleckchem.com/products/h-cys-trt-oh.html Obesity causes atrophy of the brain, leading to deterioration in working memory, learning, and cognitive function. The status of short-term memory in rat pups born to older obese mother rats was verified, and the effect of treadmill exercise on short-term memory in rat pups was investigated. Step-down avoidance test for short-term memory, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining for apoptosis, and immunohistochemistry for Ki67 for new cell generation were done. The old female rats were fed with normal diet (5% of fat), and the old and obese female rats were fed with high-fat diet (60% of fat) for up to 50 weeks in age (for 44 weeks in experimental period). The newborn rats were divided into four groups according to the conditions of the mother rats as follows the rat pups group born to old rats, the rat pups group born to old rats with exercise, the rat pups group born to old and obese rats, the rat pups group born to old and obese rats with exercise. Maternal exercise improved short-term memory, decreased TUNEL-positive cell number, and increased Ki67-positive cell number of the pups born to old and obese rats. Maternal exercise has been found to contribute to eliminating the health risks of fetuses born to old obese mothers. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common cause for end-stage renal disease that can recur in the graft after kidney transplantation. The incidence of FSGS recurrence is reported in up to 47% of patients, predisposing those to possible poorer transplantation outcomes. Hence, we examined the incidence of FSGS recurrence and the effect on graft outcome in our patient cohort of living donor kidney transplantations (LDKT). We analyzed 194 adult patients who received a LDKT between 2011 and 2017 of which 22 (11%) had FSGS as underlying disease. Demographic data and clinical outcomes, especially regarding recurrence of FSGS, were evaluate