Finally, an in vitro bioactivity of the coatings was evaluated in a simulated body fluid solution at 37 °C. Results showed no apparent differences in the morphology and phase of the posttreated coatings, both of which are composed of a dense structure containing needle-like HA crystals. However, the HA-P/G-C/C sample possessed a higher Ca/P ratio and denser interface, thereby exhibiting higher adhesive performance and better bioactivity. The adhesive strength of the HA-P/G coating was observed at a critical load of 41.04 N, which increased by 29.3% relative to the HA coating. Moreover, the failure site was on the HA-P/G coating rather than at the interface. The enhanced adhesive performance was ascribed to the PVA/GO-repairing pits on C/C and PVA and GO toughening effects on the HA coating. In vitro and in vivo tests revealed no statistical significance for the two HA-coated C/C samples, although the HA-P/G coating exhibited better bioactivity, inducing the growth of bonelike apatite than the HA coating.Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a powerful endogenous vasoconstrictor and it is closely related to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction that is commonly involved in the initiation of vascular inflammation and in the development of vascular diseases. A new method for the electrochemical immunoassay of ET-1 was put forward in this work.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nolvadex.html  ET-1 antibodies (Ab), gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and copper ions were employed to synthesize nanoenzyme-labeled antibodies, Ab-GNPs-Cu(II) nanocomposites, and the latter was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These nanocomposites could be captured on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with poly(thionine) (PTH) and ET-1, GCE/PTH/ET-1. The immobilized nanoenzymes, GNPs-Cu(II) nanoparticles, played a peroxidase mimic role. Hydroxyl radicals, •OH, generated by a Fenton-type reaction, oxidized PTH and induced the considerable cathodic current on an assembled sandwich-type electrode. Owing to the competitive immunoreaction, ET-1 in the solution inhibited the capture of Ab-GNPs-Cu(II) nanocomposites. The deficiency of •OH caused the decline of the electrochemical response. The cathodic current change was in proportion to the ET-1 concentration from 0.5 to 500 ng mL-1. Cell morphology and viability investigations show that human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs, suffered from dysfunction when they were incubated in the presence of high-concentration glucose. Analyses on the growth medium using the developed method reveal that ET-1 was secreted by the injured cells and the release level of ET-1 was associated positively with the glucose concentration in the growth medium.Hydrogels with attractive stimuli-responsive volume changing abilities are seeing emerging applications as soft actuators and robots. However, many hydrogels are intrinsically soft and fragile for tolerating mechanical damage in real world applications and could not deliver high actuation force because of the mechanical weakness of the porous polymer network. Conventional tough hydrogels, fabricated by forming double networks, dual cross-linking, and compositing, could not satisfy both high toughness and high stimuli responsiveness. Herein, we present a material design of combining responsive and tough components in a single hydrogel network, which enables the synergistic realization of high toughness and actuation performance. We showcased this material design in an exemplary tough and thermally responsive hydrogel based on PVA/(PVA-MA)-g-PNIPAM, which achieved 100 times higher toughness (∼10 MJ/m3) and 20 times higher actuation stress (∼10 kPa) compared to conventional PNIPAM hydrogels, and a contraction ratio of up to 50% simultaneously. The effects of salt concentration, polymer ratio, and structural design on the mechanical and actuation properties have been systematically investigated. Utilizing 4D printing, actuators of various geometries were fabricated, as well as lattice-architected hydrogels with macro-voids, presenting 4 times faster actuation speed compared to bulk hydrogel, in addition to the high toughness, actuation force, and contraction ratio.Aiming at the global water scarcity, solar-driven desalination based on photothermal materials is identified as a promising strategy for freshwater production because of sustainability, spontaneity, and flexibility. Water transfer in photothermal materials, especially ones with 3D morphologies, can adjust the evaporation efficiency as a critical factor. In this work, a rationally designed roll morphology has been introduced into photothermal to advance the water transfer evaporation via controllable capillary action. The vertical intervals of the roll, similar to slit pore, can pump the water up to the entire materials to not only keep a stable vapor generation rate but reject salt precipitation. Additionally, the roll morphology also improves the light-harvesting via both the high roughness surface and confinement absorption inside the intervals. With excellent water transfer and energy management, photothermal roll showed an evaporation rate up to 1.93 ± 0.05 kg m-2 h-1, which was over 44% higher than the flat sample in the same constituents. Under actual conditions, the freshwater generation rate was achieved up to 1.09 kg m-2 h-1 on average of the whole daylight hours. The work provides novel insights into the design of efficient morphology in photothermal materials and advances their practical applications in sustainable water generation.The conjugate additions of oxygen-centered nucleophiles to conjugate acceptors are among the most powerful C-O bond formation reactions. The conjugate addition normally takes place at the β-position carbon to the electron-withdrawing group, resulting in the formation of a stabilized carbanion intermediate that can be quenched by proton or electrophiles to form the β-addition (i.e., hetero-Michael addition) products. On the contrary, the formation of α-hydroxyl or alkoxyl amides through conjugate addition needs an α,β-inverse addition. Nevertheless, a regio-inversed nucleophilic α-addition of oxygen-centered nucleophiles to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds still remains less explored because of the electronic mismatch. In this research, we discovered the first α-specific nucleophilic addition of α,β-unsaturated amides with oxygen and fluoride nucleophiles. This region-inversed nucleophilic addition is enabled by the catalysis of a novel redox-neutral nondonor-acceptor organic photoreductant (CBZ6). As low as 0.