Background Pain is the most common reason for patients to seek help from a health care professional. In the past few decades, research has yielded gains in the Pain Sciences - multiple fields of scientific research that, when integrated, help to clarify what causes and influences human pain. Objectives In this article, we discuss the key areas in which the Pain Sciences have shifted the physiotherapy profession. Method A narrative review of the Pain Sciences literature was conducted. The review analyses how the Pain Sciences have influenced physiotherapy in several categories assessment; clinical reasoning; treatment; research rigor and building the profile of the profession. Results Scientific research on pain has largely converged in support of three 'game-changing' concepts that have shifted the physiotherapy profession's understanding and treatment of pain (1) pain is not a signal originating from bodily tissues, (2) pain is not an accurate measure of tissue damage and (3) the plasticity of the nervous system means the nervous system itself is a viable target of treatment. These three concepts have influenced physiotherapy assessment and treatment approaches, and research design to consider pain mechanisms using patient-centred models. Conclusion The Pain Sciences have shifted physiotherapists' assessment and treatment approaches and shifted the status of the physiotherapy profession. Ultimately the Pain Sciences have embedded interdisciplinary teams and expanded physiotherapy practice. Clinical implications We believe that the pain sciences should be embedded in undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of physiotherapists (including the three key concepts regarding pain) to benefit physiotherapists and their patients. © 2020. The Authors.Background Little is known about the prescription, frequency and nature of airway clearance therapy (ACT) in children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Objectives To describe the characteristics and outcomes of children hospitalised with LRTIs at a tertiary paediatric hospital in South Africa and to investigate the role and impact of ACT in these children. Method A retrospective folder review of children hospitalised with LRTI between January and June 2015 was conducted, extracting data on demographic characteristics, health condition, ACT interventions and patient outcomes.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/h-1152-dihydrochloride.html  Results A total of 1208 individual cases (median [IQR] age 7.6 (2.8-19.0) months), in 1440 hospitalisations, were included. The majority of children were hospitalised primarily for the management of bronchiolitis. Comorbidities were present in 52.6% of patients during at least one of their hospitalisations. Airway clearance therapy was administered in 5.9% (n = 85) of admissions, most commonly conventional (manual) ACT. Transient oxyhaemoglobin desaturation was reported in six children, and one child developed lobar collapse an hour post-treatment. No other adverse events were reported. The median (IQR) duration of hospitalisation was 2.3 (1.5-5.0) days, and the overall mortality rate was 0.7%. Children hospitalised for presumed nosocomial infections and pneumonia had the longest length of stay, were more likely to receive ACT and had the highest mortality rate. Conclusion Airway clearance therapy was infrequently used in this population and was more commonly applied in those with nosocomial LRTI and pneumonia. Clinical implications Although ACT was generally well tolerated, safety has not been ascertained, and oxygen saturation should be carefully monitored during therapy. © 2020. The Authors.Background Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) provide conveniently packaged evidence-based recommendations to inform clinical decisions. However, intended end-users often do not know how to source, appraise, interpret or choose among CPGs. Moreover, it can be confusing when recommendations on the same topic differ among CPGs, in wording, intent and underpinning evidence. Objectives This article reports on the processes of (1) identifying current CPGs for acute and subacute low back pain (LBP) to fit the needs of South African physiotherapists, (2) collating and summarising CPG recommendations to produce a user-friendly end-user product and (3) testing the utility of the summary CPG document on South African physiotherapy clinicians to efficiently determine acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility to inform clinical decision-making. Method An adapted approach was followed by systematically searching online CPG repositories and online databases for LBP CPGs; screening and critically appraising identified CPGs; summarising recommendations from relevant CPGs and organising them into clinical practice activities. Feedback on utility was obtained from 11 physiotherapists. Results Three high-quality, international CPGs provided 25 recommendations on the assessment and management of acute and subacute LBP relevant to South African physiotherapy practice. They were organised into 10 headings. Physiotherapy user feedback suggested that this document would assist in clinical decision-making. Conclusion Organised recommendations extracted from multiple, relevant CPGs provide an end-user-friendly resource for physiotherapists treating LBP. Clinical implications Collated and organised CPG recommendations may effectively assist South African physiotherapists' clinical decision-making in assessing and managing patients with acute and subacute LBP. © 2020. The Authors.Background Health- related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important aid in medical decision making. The child's health may influence the caregiver's health due to their intimate relationship. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the child's health on the caregiver's health as measured on the EuroQoL Youth and Adult instruments. Method A sample of 50 caregivers and their acutely-ill children, aged 3-6 years, was recruited from a paediatric hospital. Each caregiver completed the EQ-5D-Y, a proxy rating of their child's HRQoL, and the EQ-5D-3L, a self-report measure of their own HRQoL, at baseline, 24 and 48 hours. The correlation between the caregiver and the child's health over time was established. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to establish the relative contribution of the child's VAS score to the caregiver's VAS score. Results The results indicated that the child's and the caregiver's VAS ratings were significantly correlated over time, with an improvement in HRQoL scores over 48 hours.