8% (1,018 of 6,455; P= .160). MRI use increased from 0.1% (6 of 5,198) to 2.2% (143 of 6,455; P < .001). During the study period, the negative appendectomy rate slightly decreased, from 3.74% (4,742 of 126,778 in 2004-2011) to 3.14% (4,258 of 135,561 in 2012-2018; P < .001).
 
  There has been a shift in imaging of children with appendicitis over 15 years in the United States, because the use of CT has decreased and ultrasound use has increased. This shift has likely added value to the health care system without adversely affecting outcomes (negative appendectomy rate).
 There has been a shift in imaging of children with appendicitis over 15 years in the United States, because the use of CT has decreased and ultrasound use has increased. This shift has likely added value to the health care system without adversely affecting outcomes (negative appendectomy rate).
  There is scarce information on the human immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and on the exacerbated inflammatory reaction observed in severe COVID-19 cases.
 
  To review the available evidence on the role of interferons type I and type III to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
 
  We reviewed the available published evidence on the role of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as recent publications on characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19, and their relationship with interferons type I and type III.
 
  The available data indicates that immune response plays an important role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune dysregulation can significantly modify the clinical outcomes of affected patients. In addition, the evidence suggests that IFN type I and III can play an important role in controlling viremia and modulating the immune response in COVID-19.
 
  Due to their central role in immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, IFN type I and III could be considered for treatment of COVID-19.
 Due to their central role in immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, IFN type I and III could be considered for treatment of COVID-19.COVID-19 pandemic has been a problem worldwide.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ZM-447439.html  It is important to identify people at risk of progressing to severe complications and to investigate if some existing antivirals could have any action against SARS-CoV-2. In this context, HIV-infected individuals and antiretroviral drugs might be included, respectively. Herein we present the case of a 63-year-old HIV-infected woman with undetectable viral load, on dolutegravir, tenofovir and lamivudine, who was hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia. In spite of having some clinical markers of severity on admission, the patient improved and was discharged after a week. To our knowledge, this is the first report of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in an HIV-infected individual in Brazil.Many regions of the world where dengue epidemics are seasonal are also facing the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a medical concern because both diseases are difficult to distinguish since they have similar clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, and because they have different clinical management. So far, co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus (DENV) has not been studied. Herein we report the first case of a patient with co-infection of COVID-19 and dengue. Both infections were simultaneously laboratory confirmed by positive RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 and RT-qPCR for DENV, NS1, IgM and IgG antibody tests for dengue. The patient had a favorable clinical improvement, without severe symptoms. This case emphasize that, in pandemic era, having a diagnostic of one infection does not rule out the possibility of having another infection concomitantly. In addition, underscores the importance of an accurate and timely diagnosis to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
  Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), notably Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp., are becoming increasingly resistant to carbapenems and are associated with high health care costs and mortality, becoming a global concern.
 
  To determine the prevalence rates of carbapenem resistance among Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. in the main sites of nosocomial infection at a tertiary care hospital in southern Brazil and the consequent therapeutic implications.
 
  Cultures processed at the institution's laboratory in 2017 were analyzed, and those positive for Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. were identified. Antibiograms were evaluated for meropenem sensitivity following the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.
 
  Acinetobacter spp. had the lowest prevalence among the three GNB, and resistance of this pathogen to meropenem at different sites of infection ranged from 36% (blood) to 82% (respiratory tract). Pseudomonas spp. was highly prevalenthe colonizing site.
 The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant GNB at our hospital was relatively low compared to national and international data; thus, meropenem remains a good therapeutic option against these bacteria. Other antibiotics effective against GNB, such as ceftazidime, cefepime, and piperacillin-tazobactam, can be used in most cases, while meropenem should be reserved for patients with sepsis. Strict contact precaution measures are still needed, given the high resistance rate observed at the colonizing site.
  Despite concerns that patients with liver transplants might be at increased risk of adverse outcomes from COVID-19 because of coexisting comorbidities and use of immunosuppressants, the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on this patient group remains unclear. We aimed to assess the clinical outcomes in these patients.
 
  In this multicentre cohort study, we collected data on patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, who were older than 18 years, who had previously received a liver transplant, and for whom data had been submitted by clinicians to one of two international registries (COVID-Hep and SECURE-Cirrhosis) at the end of the patient's disease course. Patients without a known hospitalisation status or mortality outcome were excluded. For comparison, data from a contemporaneous cohort of consecutive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who had not received a liver transplant were collected from the electronic patient records of the Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust.